Current state of treatment for lower extremity acute deep venous thrombosis (a literature review)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2021.6.228860

Keywords:

deep vein thrombosis, anticoagulant therapy, thrombolysis, thrombectomy, prevention of venous thromboembolism

Abstract

Despite the use of modern methods of diagnosis and treatment, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities remains a fairly common disease. In half of all cases, DVT may be asymptomatic and manifest itself in subsequent symptoms of pulmonary embolism (PE) or postthrombotic syndrome (PTS). An important role in the pathogenesis of this disease is played by a variety of factors and conditions that contribute to thrombosis in the venous vessels of the lower extremities, as well as impaired venous outflow from the lower extremity due to blockage of the venous lumen by such a thrombus. The action of various treatments is aimed at certain links in the pathogenesis, namely: anticoagulant therapy prevents further thrombosis, thrombolysis dissolves blood clots, surgical and mechanical thrombectomy remove blood clots from the lumen of the vein, lysis or removal of thrombotic masses restores thrombosis in the small circle of blood circulation. There is no single, universal method for combating DVT. In addition, there are new methods, such as the use of devices for pharmaco-mechanical thrombolysis, stent-retrievers which need to be tested for effectiveness and safety, as well as for a comparative analysis with existing treatments.

Given the severe consequences of DVT that include early mortality, recurrence and complications of the disease, and can be associated with death, rehospitalization, deterioration in patient quality of life and disability, the choice and application of certain treatments or combinations thereof becomes important. Equally important are the issues of primary and secondary prevention of DVT, which reduce the above-mentioned risks and should be pursued in each patient.

The aim. To study the world experience in the treatment of DVT, to summarize modern approaches to the treatment of patients with DVT based on the principles of evidence-based medicine by reviewing and analyzing modern scientific literary sources in scientometric bases.

Materials and methods. We searched for publications in scientometric databases including Pub Med, Google Scholar, Web of Sciense, Scopus by keywords, as well as for the latest recommendations and guidelines that cover modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of DVT of the lower extremities. Articles, systematic reviews and literature relevant to the research topic were reviewed and analyzed. The inclusion criteria were: articles and studies describing to the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of DVT, studies with the longest observation, recommendations and guidelines of professional associations regarding DVT. The exclusion criteria were: articles not related to the research topic, a small number of patients included in the study (less than 15 people).

Conclusions. DVT and its complications can lead to fatal conditions, such as pulmonary embolism, and often adversely affect patients’ quality of life. DVT is potentially life-threatening and should be considered by a physician and patient as a life-threatening disease. Anticoagulant therapy is the main option for both DVT treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism and PTS recurrence. Some patients may receive drug therapy on an outpatient basis. Other patients with severe disease and complications need inpatient management. An open surgery, percutaneous endovascular procedures and various combinations thereof with the addition of anticoagulant therapy could be applied to this group. The lack of clear criteria for selecting patients and indications for endovascular interventions and surgical thrombectomy requires further research in this area.

Author Biographies

A. O. Nykonenko, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Ukraine

MD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Hospital Surgery

Y. M. Vailo, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Ukraine

MD, Assistant of the Department of Hospital Surgery

A. M. Materukhin, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Ukraine

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Hospital Surgery

References

Beckman, M. G., Hooper, W. C., Critchley, S. E., & Ortel, T. L. (2010). Venous Thromboembolism: A Public Health Concern. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(4 Suppl.), S495-S501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.12.017

Kahn, S. R. (2016). The post-thrombotic syndrome. Hematology, American Society of Hematology Education Program, 2016(1), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.413

Kahn, S. R., Shbaklo, H., Lamping, D. L., Holcroft, C. A., Shrier, I., Miron, M. J., Roussin, A., Desmarais, S., Joyal, F., Kassis, J., Solymoss, S., Desjardins, L., Johri, M., & Ginsberg, J. S. (2008). Determinants of health-related quality of life during the 2 years following deep vein thrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 6(7), 1105-1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03002.x

Parkhomenko, A. N. (2014). Istoriya issledovanii venoznogo tromboza i embolii. Vklad Rudol'fa Virkhova [The history of venous thrombosis and embolism study. The contribution of Rudolf Virchow]. Ukrainskyi medychnyi chasopys, (6), 190-192. https://www.umj.com.ua/article/81887 [in Russian].

Virchow, R. (1856). V. Phlogose und Thrombose im Gefässsystem. In Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftlichen Medicin (pp. 458-636). Frankfurt A. M. Verlag von Meidinger Sohn & Comp. https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Rudolf_Virchow_Gesammelte_Abhandhungen_Zur?id=JqY984iSSBQC

Huzyi, A. V. (2018, November 8). Profilaktyka trombozu: shcho maiut znaty likar i patsiient [Prevention of thrombosis: what a physician and a patient need to know]. Ukrainskyi medychnyi chasopys. https://www.umj.com.ua/article/132379 [in Ukrainian].

Meissner, M. H. (2017). The clinical presentation and natural history of acute deep venous thrombosis. In P. Gloviczki (Ed.)., Handbook of venous and lymphatic disorders (4th ed., pp. 205-219). CRC Press.

Kahn, S. R., Shrier, I., Julian, J. A., Ducruet, T., Arsenault, L., Miron, M. J., Roussin, A., Desmarais, S., Joyal, F., Kassis, J., Solymoss, S., Desjardins, L., Lamping, D. L., Johri, M., & Ginsberg, J. S. (2008). Determinants and Time Course of the Postthrombotic Syndrome after Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 149(10), 698-707. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-149-10-200811180-00004

Kou, C. J., Batzlaff, C., Bezzant, M. L., & Sjulin, T. (2020). Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens: A Life-Threatening Manifestation of Deep Vein Thrombosis. Cureus, 12(6), Article e8587. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8587

Geersing, G. J., Zuithoff, N. P., Kearon, C., Anderson, D. R., Ten Cate-Hoek, A. J., Elf, J. L., Bates, S. M., Hoes, A. W., Kraaijenhagen, R. A., Oudega, R., Schutgens, R. E., Stevens, S. M., Woller, S. C., Wells, P. S., & Moons, K. G. (2014). Exclusion of deep vein thrombosis using the Wells rule in clinically important subgroups: individual patient data meta-analysis. BMJ, 348, Article g1340. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1340

Kakkos, S. K., Gohel, M., Baekgaard, N., Bauersachs, R., Bellmunt-Montoya, S., Black, S. A., Ten Cate-Hoek, A. J., Elalamy, I., Enzmann, F. K., Geroulakos, G., Gottsäter, A., Hunt, B. J., Mansilha, A., Nicolaides, A. N., Sandset, P. M., Stansby, G., Esvs Guidelines Committee, de Borst, G. J., Bastos Gonçalves, F., Chakfé, N., … Vega de Ceniga, M. (2021). Editor's Choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Venous Thrombosis. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 61(1), 9-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.09.023

Deweese, J. A., & Rogoff, S. M. (1963). Phlebographic patterns of acute deep venous thrombosis of the leg. Surgery, 53, 99-108.

Karande, G. Y., Hedgire, S. S., Sanchez, Y., Baliyan, V., Mishra, V., Ganguli, S., & Prabhakar, A. M. (2016). Advanced imaging in acute and chronic deep vein thrombosis. Cardiovascular Diagnosis & Therapy, 6(6), 493-507. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt.2016.12.06

Saveliev, V. S. (Ed.). (2001). Flebologiya: Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei [Phlebology: The Guide for the doctors]. Meditsina. [in Russian].

Eklöf, B. (2011). Surgical thrombectomy for iliofemoral venous thrombosis revisited. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 54(3), 897-900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.04.027

Prasol, V. A. (2011). Kateter-upravlyaemyi trombolizis i khirurgicheskie metody v lechenii ostrogo iliofemoral'nogo flebotromboza [Catheter-guided thrombolysis and surgical methods in treatment of acute iliofemoral flebothrombosis]. Mezhdunarodnyi meditsinskii zhurnal, (2), 35-39. [in Russian].

Shevchenko, Yu. L., & Stoyko, Yu. M. (Eds.). (2016). Klinicheskaya flebologiya [Clinical phlebology]. DPK Press. [in Russian].

Lindow, C., Mumme, A., Asciutto, G., Strohmann, B., Hummel, T., & Geier, B. (2010). Long-term results after transfemoral venous thrombectomy for iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 40(1), 134-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.02.023

Plate, G., Einarsson, E., Ohlin, P., Jensen, R., Qvarfordt, P., & Eklöf, B. (1984). Thrombectomy with temporary arteriovenous fistula: the treatment of choice in acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 1(6), 867-876. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.1984.avs0010867

Plate, G., Akesson, H., Einarsson, E., Ohlin, P., & Eklöf, B. (1990). Long-term results of venous thrombectomy combined with a temporary arterio-venous fistula. European Journal of Vascular Surgery, 4(5), 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-821x(05)80788-1

Plate, G., Eklöf, B., Norgren, L., Ohlin, P., & Dahlström, J. A. (1997). Venous thrombectomy for iliofemoral vein thrombosis - 10-year results of a prospective randomised study. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 14(5), 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1078-5884(97)80286-9

Ockert, S., von Allmen, M., Heidemann, M., Brusa, J., Duwe, J., & Seelos, R. (2018). Acute Venous Iliofemoral Thrombosis: Early Surgical Thrombectomy Is Effective and Durable. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 46, 314-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2017.07.003

Jaff, M. R., McMurtry, M. S., Archer, S. L., Cushman, M., Goldenberg, N., Goldhaber, S. Z., Jenkins, J. S., Kline, J. A., Michaels, A. D., Thistlethwaite, P., Vedantham, S., White, R. J., Zierler, B. K., American Heart Association Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation, American Heart Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, & American Heart Association Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. (2011). Management of Massive and Submassive Pulmonary Embolism, Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis, and Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 123(16), 1788-1830. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214914f

Meissner, M. H., Gloviczki, P., Comerota, A. J., Dalsing, M. C., Eklof, B. G., Gillespie, D. L., Lohr, J. M., McLafferty, R. B., Murad, M. H., Padberg, F., Pappas, P., Raffetto, J. D., Wakefield, T. W., Society for Vascular Surgery, & American Venous Forum. (2012). Early thrombus removal strategies for acute deep venous thrombosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 55(5), 1449-1462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2011.12.081

Hirsh, J., Guyatt, G., Albers, G. W., Harrington, R., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008). Executive Summary: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest, 133(6 Suppl.), 71S-109S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-0693

Hölper, P., Kotelis, D., Attigah, N., Hyhlik-Dürr, A., & Böckler, D. (2010). Longterm Results After Surgical Thrombectomy and Simultaneous Stenting for Symptomatic Iliofemoral Venous Thrombosis. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 39(3), 349-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.09.028

Schwarzbach, M. H., Schumacher, H., Böckler, D., Fürstenberger, S., Thomas, F., Seelos, R., Richter, G. M., & Allenberg, J. R. (2005). Surgical Thrombectomy Followed by Intraoperative Endovascular Reconstruction for Symptomatic Ilio-femoral Venous Thrombosis. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 29(1), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.09.022

Hartung, O., Benmiloud, F., Barthelemy, P., Dubuc, M., Boufi, M., & Alimi, Y. S. (2008). Late results of surgical venous thrombectomy with iliocaval stenting. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 47(2), 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2007.10.007

Raju, S. (2013). Best management options for chronic iliac vein stenosis and occlusion. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 57(4), 1163-1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.11.084

May, R., & Thurner, J. (1957). The Cause of the Predominantly Sinistral Occurrence of Thrombosis of the Pelvic Veins. Angiology, 8(5), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/000331975700800505

Cockett, F. B., Thomas, M. L., & Negus, D. (1967). Iliac Vein Compression.-Its Relation to Iliofemoral Thrombosis and the Post-thrombotic Syndrome. British Medical Journal, 2(5543), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5543.14

Neglén, P., Berry, M. A., & Raju, S. (2000). Endovascular Surgery in the Treatment of Chronic Primary and Post-thrombotic Iliac Vein Obstruction. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 20(6), 560-571. https://doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.2000.1251

Cosmi, B., & Palareti, G. (2019). «Early thrombus removal» in iliac-femoral deep vein thrombosis for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome. Annals of Translational Medicine, 7(Suppl. 8), S343. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.09.102

Vedantham, S., Piazza, G., Sista, A. K., & Goldenberg, N. A. (2016). Guidance for the use of thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, 41(1), 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-015-1318-z

Comerota, A. J., & Paolini, D. (2007). Treatment of Acute Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Strategy of Thrombus Removal. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 33(3), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.11.013

Boyko, V. V., Prasol, V. A., Taraban, I. A., Troyan, V. I., Oklei, D. V., Ivanchov, P. V., Boldizhar, P. A., Korsak, V. V., Chernuha, L. M., Gudz, I. M., & Wenger, I. K. (2016). Sovremennye aspekty regional'noi tromboliticheskoi terapii pri ostrom tromboze glubokikh ven nizhnikh konechnostei [Modern aspects of regional thrombolytic therapy for acute deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities]. Nauka i praktyka mizhvidomchyi medychnyi zhurnal, (1-2), 164-170. [in Russian].

Mewissen, M. W., Seabrook, G. R., Meissner, M. H., Cynamon, J., Labropoulos, N., & Haughton, S. H. (1999). Catheter-directed Thrombolysis for Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis: Report of a National Multicenter Registry. Radiology, 211(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.211.1.r99ap4739

Watson, L., Broderick, C., & Armon, M. P. (2016). Thrombolysis for acute deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11(11), Article CD002783. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002783.pub4

Comerota, A. J., Throm, R. C., Mathias, S. D., Haughton, S., & Mewissen, M. (2000). Catheter-directed thrombolysis for iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis improves health-related quality of life. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 32(1), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2000.105664

Ariani, M., Fishbein, M. C., Chae, J. S., Sadeghi, H., Michael, A. D., Dubin, S. B., & Siegel, R. J. (1991). Dissolution of peripheral arterial thrombi by ultrasound. Circulation, 84(4), 1680-1688. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.84.4.1680

Parikh, S., Motarjeme, A., McNamara, T., Raabe, R., Hagspiel, K., Benenati, J. F., Sterling, K., & Comerota, A. (2008). Ultrasound-accelerated Thrombolysis for the Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis: Initial Clinical Experience. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 19(4), 521-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2007.11.023

Vedantham, S., Thorpe, P. E., Cardella, J. F., Grassi, C. J., Patel, N. H., Ferral, H., Hofmann, L. V., Janne d'Othée, B. M., Antonaci, V. P., Brountzos, E. N., Brown, D. B., Martin, L. G., Matsumoto, A. H., Meranze, S. G., Miller, D. L., Millward, S. F., Min, R. J., Neithamer, C. D., Jr., Rajan, D. K., Rholl, K. S., … CIRSE and SIR Standards of Practice Committees. (2009). Quality Improvement Guidelines for the Treatment of Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis with Use of Endovascular Thrombus Removal. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 20(7 Suppl.), S227-S239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2009.04.016

Kearon, C., Akl, E. A., Ornelas, J., Blaivas, A., Jimenez, D., Bounameaux, H., Huisman, M., King, C. S., Morris, T. A., Sood, N., Stevens, S. M., Vintch, J., Wells, P., Woller, S. C., & Moores, L. (2016). Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest, 149(2), 315-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026

Fleck, D., Albadawi, H., Shamoun, F., Knuttinen, G., Naidu, S., & Oklu, R. (2017). Catheter-directed thrombolysis of deep vein thrombosis: literature review and practice considerations. Cardiovascular Diagnosis & Therapy, 7(Suppl. 3), S228-S237. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt.2017.09.15

Tang, A., Lakhter, V., Zack, C. J., Comerota, A. J., Shah, N., Zhao, H., & Bashir, R. (2021). Contemporary nationwide trends and in-hospital outcomes of adjunctive stenting in patients undergoing catheter-directed thrombolysis for proximal deep venous thrombosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, 9(1), 62-72.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04.034

Boyko, V. V., Prasol, V. O., Taraban, I. A., OkleJ, D. V., Shafranskyiv, V. V., & Andreyeshchev, S. A. (2018). Osoblyvosti khirurhichnoi taktyky pry trombozi hlybokykh ven nyzhnikh kintsivok [Peculiarities of surgical tactics in the deep veins thrombosis of lower extremities]. Klinichna khirurhiia, 85(6), 67-71. https://doi.org/10.26779/2522-1396.2018.06.67 [in Ukrainian].

Delomez, M., Beregi, J. P., Willoteaux, S., Bauchart, J. J., Janne d'Othée, B., Asseman, P., Perez, N., & Théry, C. (2001). Mechanical thrombectomy in patients with deep venous thrombosis. CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, 24(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002700001658

Jabaar, A. A., & Jenkins, J. S. (2018). The role of vacuum assisted thrombectomy (AngioVac) in treating chronic venous thromboembolic disease. Systematic review and a single center's experience. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine, 19(7 Pt. A), 799-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carrev.2018.02.005

Vedantham, S., Vesely, T. M., Parti, N., Darcy, M., Hovsepian, D. M., & Picus, D. (2002). Lower Extremity Venous Thrombolysis with Adjunctive Mechanical Thrombectomy. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 13(10), 1001-1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61864-8

Kasirajan, K., Gray, B., & Ouriel, K. (2001). Percutaneous AngioJet Thrombectomy in the Management of Extensive Deep Venous Thrombosis. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 12(2), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61823-5

Bush, R. L., Lin, P. H., Bates, J. T., Mureebe, L., Zhou, W., & Lumsden, A. B. (2004). Pharmacomechanical thrombectomy for treatment of symptomatic lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: safety and feasibility study. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 40(5), 965-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.08.025

Garcia, M. J., Lookstein, R., Malhotra, R., Amin, A., Blitz, L. R., Leung, D. A., Simoni, E. J., & Soukas, P. A. (2015). Endovascular Management of Deep Vein Thrombosis with Rheolytic Thrombectomy: Final Report of the Prospective Multicenter PEARL (Peripheral Use of AngioJet Rheolytic Thrombectomy with a Variety of Catheter Lengths) Registry. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 26(6), 777-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2015.01.036

Comerota, A. J., Kearon, C., Gu, C. S., Julian, J. A., Goldhaber, S. Z., Kahn, S. R., Jaff, M. R., Razavi, M. K., Kindzelski, A. L., Bashir, R., Patel, P., Sharafuddin, M., Sichlau, M. J., Saad, W. E., Assi, Z., Hofmann, L. V., Kennedy, M., Vedantham, S., & ATTRACT Trial Investigators. (2019). Endovascular Thrombus Removal for Acute Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis. Circulation, 139(9), 1162-1173. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037425

Spencer, F. C., Quattlebaum, J. K., Quattlebaum, J. K., Jr., Sharp, E. H., & Jude, J. R. (1962). Plication of the Inferior Vena Cava for Pulmonary Embolism. A Report of 20 Cases. Annals of Surgery, 155(6), 827-837. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-196215560-00002

Rusyn, V. I., Boldizhar, P. O., Korsak, V. V., Levchak, Yu. A., & Ternushchak, O. M. (2010). Priami ta nepriami metody partsialnoi okliuzii nyzhnoi porozhnystoi veny [Direct and indirect methods of partial occlusion of the inferior vena cava]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho universytetu, (39), 139-143. [in Ukrainian].

Nikishin, L. F., Nikishin, A. L., & Pasechnyi, S. V. (2010). Profilaktika tromboembolii legochnoi arterii. Sozdanie i evolyutsiya kava-fil'trov [Prevention of pulmonary embolism. Creation and evolution of cava filters]. Zdorovia Ukrainy, (1. Surgery. Orthopedics. Traumatology. Intensive care), 10-11. [in Ukrainian]. https://health-ua.com/pics/pdf/Hirurg_2010_01/10-11.pdf

Winokur, R. S., Bassik, N., Madoff, D. C., & Trost, D. (2019). Radiologists' Field Guide to Retrievable and Convertible Inferior Vena Cava Filters. American Journal of Roentgenology, 213(4), 768-777. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.19.21722

Huang, S. Y., Eggers, M., McArthur, M. J., Dixon, K. A., McWatters, A., Dria, S., Hill, L. R., Melancon, M. P., Steele, J. R., & Wallace, M. J. (2017). Safety and Efficacy of an Absorbable Filter in the Inferior Vena Cava to Prevent Pulmonary Embolism in Swine. Radiology, 285(3), 820-829. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2017161880

Decousus, H., Leizorovicz, A., Parent, F., Page, Y., Tardy, B., Girard, P., Laporte, S., Faivre, R., Charbonnier, B., Barral, F. G., Huet, Y., & Simonneau, G. (1998). A Clinical Trial of Vena Caval Filters in the Prevention of Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Proximal Deep-Vein Thrombosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338(7), 409-415. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199802123380701

PREPIC Study Group. (2005). Eight-Year Follow-Up of Patients With Permanent Vena Cava Filters in the Prevention of Pulmonary Embolism: The PREPIC (Prévention du Risque d’Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) Randomized Study. Circulation, 112(3), 416-422. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.512834

Mazzolai, L., Aboyans, V., Ageno, W., Agnelli, G., Alatri, A., Bauersachs, R., Brekelmans, M., Büller, H. R., Elias, A., Farge, D., Konstantinides, S., Palareti, G., Prandoni, P., Righini, M., Torbicki, A., Vlachopoulos, C., & Brodmann, M. (2018). Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function. European Heart Journal, 39(47), 4208-4218. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003

AbuRahma, A. F., Perkins, S. E., Wulu, J. T., & Ng, H. K. (2001). Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis: Conventional Therapy Versus Lysis and Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Stenting. Annals of Surgery, 233(6), 752-760. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200106000-00004

Henke, P. K., & Comerota, A. J. (2011). An update on etiology, prevention, and therapy of postthrombotic syndrome. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 53(2), 500-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.08.050

Ortel, T. L., Neumann, I., Ageno, W., Beyth, R., Clark, N. P., Cuker, A., Hutten, B. A., Jaff, M. R., Manja, V., Schulman, S., Thurston, C., Vedantham, S., Verhamme, P., Witt, D. M., D. Florez, I., Izcovich, A., Nieuwlaat, R., Ross, S., J. Schünemann, H., Wiercioch, W., … Zhang, Y. (2020). American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Blood Advances, 4(19), 4693-4738. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830

Laguta, P. S. (2015). Venoznye trombozy: sovremennoe lechenie [Current treatment for venous thrombosis]. Aterotromboz, (2), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.21518/2307-1109-2015-2-7-16 [in Russian].

Granger, C. B., Alexander, J. H., McMurray, J. J., Lopes, R. D., Hylek, E. M., Hanna, M., Al-Khalidi, H. R., Ansell, J., Atar, D., Avezum, A., Bahit, M. C., Diaz, R., Easton, J. D., Ezekowitz, J. A., Flaker, G., Garcia, D., Geraldes, M., Gersh, B. J., Golitsyn, S., Goto, S., … ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. (2011). Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365(11), 981-992. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1107039

Eikelboom, J. W., Wallentin, L., Connolly, S. J., Ezekowitz, M., Healey, J. S., Oldgren, J., Yang, S., Alings, M., Kaatz, S., Hohnloser, S. H., Diener, H. C., Franzosi, M. G., Huber, K., Reilly, P., Varrone, J., & Yusuf, S. (2011). Risk of Bleeding With 2 Doses of Dabigatran Compared With Warfarin in Older and Younger Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: An Analysis of the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy (RE-LY) Trial. Circulation, 123(21), 2363-2372. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.004747

Ungar, L., Rodriguez, F., Hellkamp, A. S., Becker, R. C., Berkowitz, S. D., Breithardt, G., Fox, K., Hacke, W., Halperin, J. L., Hankey, G. J., Nessel, C. C., Singer, D. E., Patel, M. R., Piccini, J. P., & Mahaffey, K. W. (2019). Patient-Reported Satisfaction and Study Drug Discontinuation: Post-Hoc Analysis of Findings from ROCKET AF. Cardiology and Therapy, 8(2), 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40119-019-00146-6

Chopard, R., Albertsen, I. E., & Piazza, G. (2020). Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Extremity Venous Thromboembolism: A Review. JAMA, 324(17), 1765-1776. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.17272

Меretskyi, V. M., & Меretska, I. V. (2019). Zastosuvannia novitnikh peroralnykh antykoahuliantiv u likuvanni ta profilaktytsi tromboembolichnykh uskladnen [Application of a new peroral anticoagulants in treatment and prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications]. Klinichna khirurhiia, (86), 73-76. https://doi.org/10.26779/2522-1396.2019.06.73 [in Ukrainian].

Levy, J. H., Ageno, W., Chan, N. C., Crowther, M., Verhamme, P., Weitz, J. I., & Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation. (2016). When and how to use antidotes for the reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 14(3), 623-627. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13227

Tritschler, T., Kraaijpoel, N., Le Gal, G., & Wells, P. S. (2018). Venous Thromboembolism: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA, 320(15), 1583-1594. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14346

Akesson, H., Brudin, L., Dahlström, J. A., Eklöf, B., Ohlin, P., & Plate, G. (1990). Venous function assessed during a 5 year period after acute ilio-femoral venous thrombosis treated with anticoagulation. European Journal of Vascular Surgery, 4(1), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-821x(05)80037-4

Published

2021-10-29

How to Cite

1.
Nykonenko AO, Vailo YM, Materukhin AM. Current state of treatment for lower extremity acute deep venous thrombosis (a literature review). Zaporozhye medical journal [Internet]. 2021Oct.29 [cited 2024Mar.29];23(6):851-64. Available from: http://zmj.zsmu.edu.ua/article/view/228860

Issue

Section

Review