Effect of year-round training on parameters of heart rate variability, central hemodynamics and physical working capacity in short-distance swimmers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2021.3.229452Keywords:
short-distance swimmers, qualification rank from first-class athletes to master of sports of international class, heart rate variability, central hemodynamics, physical working capacity, periods of the training processAbstract
Dynamic examination of athletes is of great interest for sports medicine specialists, as it allows measuring changes in athletes’ functional state in parallel with increasing athletic performance in a one-year training cycle.
The aim of the work is to assess dynamic changes in parameters of heart rate variability, central hemodynamics and physical performance in short-distance swimmers during preparatory and competitive periods of the training process.
Materials and methods. The swimmers (n = 94) qualified from the second-class sport qualification to Master of Sports of International Class were examined during the preparatory and competitive periods of the training process. Short ECG recordings of 5 minutes were used for the heart rate variability (HRV) analysis according to the International Standard.
Results. In the preparatory period, the autonomic equilibrium index had a mean value of 3.104 ± 0.494 1/s2, and in the competitive period – 2.459 ± 0.248 1/s2 (P = 0.295). The initial distribution of athletes depending on the value of autonomic tone, according to the classification proposed by R. M. Bayevskiy, had the following ratio in the preparatory period: 75.0 % / 20.0 % / 5.0 %, vagotonic, normotonic and sympathotonic individuals, respectively, statistically significantly indicating the prevalence of athletes with vagotonia over normotonic individuals (P = 0.0005). In the competitive period, this ratio was 60.0 % / 40.0 % / 0 %.
The central hemodynamic indices showed a downward trend as evidenced by a decrease in the cardiac index from 2.954 ± 0.126·l·min-1·m-2 to 2.862 ± 0.088 l‧min-1‧m-2 (Р = 0.510), although these values matched to the eukinetic circulatory type (CT) during both training periods. However, the ratio of hypokinetic, eukinetic and hyperkinetic CT in the preparatory period was 45.0 % / 45.0 % / 10 0 %, and in competitive period – 45.0 % / 55.0 % / 0 %, respectively. The mean value of physical working capacity (PWC170/kg) in the preparatory period was 15.54 ± 0.66 kgm·min-1·kg-1, and in the competitive period it was 18.09 ± 0.53 kgm·min-1·kg-1, making an increase of 16.41 % (Р = 0.0001).
The functional state index (FSI) increased significantly by 25.08 % from 5.558 ± 0.322 r. u. to 6.952 ± 0.272 r. u. (Р = 0.00001). The correlation analysis during the preparatory period showed a significant positive correlation between Mo and PWC170/kg (r = 0.46, P = 0.040), ARI and CI (r = 0.50, P = 0.026), IARP and CI (r = 0.53, P = 0.017), stress-index and SI (r = 0.52, P = 0.019) and negative – between Mo and CI (r = -0.56, P = 0.009). In the competitive period, the general tendency of correlation interaction was remained, as evidenced by revealed positive relationships between Mo and FSI (r = 0.53, P = 0.017), ARI and SI (r = 0.51, P = 0.020).
Conclusions. Short-distance swimmers in the competitive period had significantly higher level of physical working capacity (by 16.4 %), the functional state index (by 25.1 %), as well as parasympathetic tone of ANS in comparison with the preparatory period. The above-mentioned hemodynamic changes and autonomic balance indicators were associated with the increase in athletic performance: 4 (20 %) swimmers qualified for the title of Master of Sports of Ukraine, 2 (10 %) swimmers – for Candidate Master of Sports, and 2 (10 %) swimmers – for first-class sport qualification.
References
Baevskii, R. M., & Berseneva, A. P. (1997). Otsenka adaptatsionnykh vozmozhnostei organizma i risk razvitiya zabolevanii [Assessment of adaptation capabilities of the organism and a risk of disease development]. Meditsina. [in Russian].
Karpman, V. L. (1980). Funkcional'naya diagnostika v sportivnoj medicine [Functional diagnostics in sports medicine]. Klinicheskaya medicina, (6), 3-7. [in Russian].
Kudrya, O. N. (2014). Otsenka funktsional'nogo sostoyaniya i fizicheskoi podgotovlennosti sportsmenov po pokazatelyam variabel'nosti serdechnogo ritma [Evaluation of functional state and physical preparedness of athletes on indicators of the heart rate variability]. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta, (1), 185-196. [in Russian].
Mikhailov, V. M. (2002). Variabel'nost' ritma serdtsa: opyt prakticheskogo primeneniya metoda [Heart rate variability: the experience of practical implementation of the method] (2nd ed.). Ivanovskaya gosudarstvennaya meditsinskaya akademiya. [in Russian].
Mikhalyuk, E. L. (1989). Sostoyanie tsentral'noi i regionarnoi gemodinamiki u legkoatletov-metatelei v godichnom tsikle trenirovochnogo protsessa. (Avtoref. dis. … kand. med. nauk). [Central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters in throwers in the process of an annual training cycle]. (Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis). Moscow. [in Russian].
Mikhalyuk, Ye. L. (2015). Osoblyvosti naukovykh doslidzhen u sportyvnii medytsyni na suchasnomu etapi [Specifics of scientific research in sports medicine at the present stage]. Zaporozhye medical journal, (5), 82-84. https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2015.5.53821 [in Ukrainian].
Mikhalyuk, Ye. L., Didenko, M. V., & Malakhova, S. N. (2016). Vplyv tsilorichnykh trenuvan na stan sertsevo-sudynnoi, avtonomnoi nervovoi systemy ta fizychnoi pratsezdatnosti u zhinok-bihuniv na 400 metriv [Influence of yearlong training on the state of cardiovascular, autonomic nervous system and physical performance in female 400 meters runners]. Pathologia, (1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1237.2016.1.71189 [in Ukrainian].
Mikhaluk, E. L., Didenko, M. V., & Malakhova, S. N. (2016). Zminy intehralnykh pokaznykiv funktsionalnoho stanu lehkoatletok-sprynteriv u richnomu tsykli trenuvalnoho protsesu [Change in integral functional status of female athletes-sprinters in the annual cycle of training process]. Bukovynskyi medychnyi visnyk, 20(2), 91-95 [in Ukrainian].
Mikhalyuk, Ye. L., Malakhova, S. N., & Didenko, M. V. (2016). Dynamichni sposterezhennia za vehetatyvnym zabezpechenniam tsentralnoi hemodynamiky ta fizychnoi pratsezdatnosti bihuniv na dystantsii 400 metriv [Dynamic observation of vegetative support of central hemodynamics and physical performance in 400-m runners]. Zaporozhye medical journal, (1), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2016.1.64052 [in Ukrainian].
Mikhalyuk, Ye. L., Malakhova, S. N., & Didenko, M. V. (2016). Shchorichni sposterezhennia za funktsionalnym stanom lehkoatletiv-sprynteriv [Yearlong observation of functional status of athletes-sprinters]. Zhurnal klinichnykh ta eksperymentalnykh medychnykh doslidzhen, 4(2), 201-208. [in Ukrainian].
Mykhaliuk, Ye. L., Syvolap, V. V., & Tkalіch, І. V. (2008). Sposib otsinky funktsionalnoho stanu orhanizmu osib, shcho zaimaiutsia fizychnoiu kulturoiu ta sportom [Method for assessing functional state of body in persons practicing sports] (Ukraine. Patent No. 36013). Ukraina. Derzhavna sluzhba intelektualnoi vlasnosti Ukrainy. https://base.uipv.org/searchINV/search.php?action=viewdetails&IdClaim=124703 [in Ukrainian].
Karpman, V. L., Belotserkovskii, Z. B., & Gudkov, I. A. (1988). Testirovanie v sportivnoi meditsine [Testing in sports medicine]. Fizkul'tura i sport. [in Russian].
Boraczyński, T., & Urniaż, J. (2008). Changes in Aerobic and Anaerobic Power Indices in Elite Handball Players Following a 4-Week General Fitness Mesocycle. Journal of Human Kinetics, 19(1), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-008-0010-1
Oliveira, R. S., Leicht, A. S., Bishop, D., Barbero-Álvarez, J. C., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2013). Seasonal Changes in Physical Performance and Heart Rate Variability in High Level Futsal Players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(5), 424-430. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1323720
Podstawski, R., Boraczyński, M., Nowosielska-Swadźba, D., & Zwolińska, D. (2014). Heart rate variability during pre-competition and competition periods in volleyball players. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 6(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2014-0004
(1996). Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation, 93(5), 1043-1065. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)
