Specifics of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographyin patients with altered anatomy of gastrointestinal tract (a literature review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2021.6.232988Keywords:
endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreato graphy, surgically altered anatomy, endoscopic ultrasonography, Billroth, Roux-en-YAbstract
The aim of the work: analysis and integration of literature data regarding the technical and methodological implementation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in altered anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract after gastric resection.
Results. World literature data convincingly indicate the need for a staged approach to performing endoscopic retrograde cho langiopancreatography in patients with altered anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract. Scientific works state that the main stages are detailed examination of a past surgical history in patients, careful selection of suitable endoscopic instruments, afferent limb intubation, papilla of Vater cannulation and papillary interventions. The article describes the existing endoscopic instruments, modern techniques and approaches, their advantages and disadvantages, and the influence of various factors on the success of their use in comparison with traditional techniques for various types of surgical reconstruction for each of the above stages. The length of the afferent limb is one of the main factors that affect the success rates of the procedure.
Conclusions. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with altered anatomy is complex and faces a number of challenges. Thanks to the development of special instruments and techniques, it can be performed even in patients with a long Roux-en-Y limb, reaching therapeutic success rates close to those in patients with normal anatomy, but this requires extensive experience of an endoscopist. There are currently no clear recommendations for the use of a particular technique; therefore the choice of the optimal strategy depends on the type of surgical reconstruction, surgeon skill level and endoscopy center facilities.
References
Anwer, M., Asghar, M. S., Rahman, S., Kadir, S., Yasmin, F., Mohsin, D., Jawed, R., Memon, G. M., Rasheed, U., & Hassan, M. (2020). Diagnostic Accuracy of Endoscopic Ultrasonography Versus the Gold Standard Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Detecting Common Bile Duct Stones. Cureus, 12(12), Article e12162. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12162
Sharma, A., Rakholiya, J. H., Madapu, A., Sharma, S., & Jha, A. (2020). Trend and Predictors of the Utilization of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Acute Pancreatitis Hospitalizations. Cureus, 12(11), Article e11420. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.11420
Logiudice, F. P., Bernardo, W. M., Galetti, F., Sagae, V. M., Matsubayashi, C. O., Madruga Neto, A. C., Brunaldi, V. O., de Moura, D., Franzini, T., Cheng, S., Matuguma, S. E., & de Moura, E. (2019). Endoscopic ultrasound-guided vs endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography biliary drainage for obstructed distal malignant biliary strictures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 11(4), 281-291. https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v11.i4.281
Dumonceau, J. M., Kapral, C., Aabakken, L., Papanikolaou, I. S., Tringali, A., Vanbiervliet, G., Beyna, T., Dinis-Ribeiro, M., Hritz, I., Mariani, A., Paspatis, G., Radaelli, F., Lakhtakia, S., Veitch, A. M., & van Hooft, J. E. (2020). ERCP-related adverse events: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy, 52(2), 127-149. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1075-4080
Canakis, A., & Baron, T. H. (2020). Relief of biliary obstruction: choosing between endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. BMJ Open Gastroenterology, 7(1), Article e000428. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000428
Farina, D. A., Komanduri, S., Aadam, A. A., & Keswani, R. N. (2020). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in critically ill patients is safe and effective when performed in the endoscopy suite. Endoscopy International Open, 8(9), E1165-E1172. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1194-4049
Azab, M., Bharadwaj, S., Jayaraj, M., Hong, A. S., Solaimani, P., Mubder, M., Yeom, H., Yoo, J. W., & Volk, M. L. (2019). Safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology, 25(6), 341-354. https://doi.org/10.4103/sjg.SJG_92_19
Tabak, F., Wang, H. S., Li, Q. P., Ge, X. X., Wang, F., Ji, G. Z., & Miao, L. (2020). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in elderly patients: Difficult cannulation and adverse events. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 8(14), 2988-2999. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i14.2988
Malli, A., Durkin, C., Groce, J. R., Hinton, A., Conwell, D. L., & Krishna, S. G. (2020). Unavailability of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography Adversely Impacts Hospital Outcomes of Acute Biliary Pancreatitis: A National Survey and Propensity-Matched Analysis. Pancreas, 49(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0000000000001435
Abbas, A. M., Strong, A. T., Diehl, D. L., Brauer, B. C., Lee, I. H., Burbridge, R., Zivny, J., Higa, J. T., Falcão, M., El Hajj, I. I., Tarnasky, P., Enestvedt, B. K., Ende, A. R., Thaker, A. M., Pawa, R., Jamidar, P., Sampath, K., de Moura, E., Kwon, R. S., Suarez, A. L., … LA-ERCP Research Group. (2018). Multicenter evaluation of the clinical utility of laparoscopy-assisted ERCP in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 87(4), 1031-1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2017.10.044
Sáfrány, L. (1972). Endoscopy and Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography after Billroth II Operation. Endoscopy, 4(4), 198-202. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1098188
Park, T. Y., & Song, T. J. (2019). Recent advances in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Billroth II gastrectomy patients: A systematic review. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 25(24), 3091-3107. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i24.3091
Mosca, S. (2000). How can we reduce complication rates and enhance success rates in Billroth II patients during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? Endoscopy, 32(7), 589-590.
Feitoza, A. B., & Baron, T. H. (2001). Endoscopy and ERCP in the setting of previous upper GI tract surgery. Part I: reconstruction without alteration of pancreaticobiliary anatomy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 54(6), 743-749. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2001.120169
Krutsri, C., Kida, M., Yamauchi, H., Iwai, T., Imaizumi, H., & Koizumi, W. (2019). Current status of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with surgically altered anatomy. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 25(26), 3313-3333. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i26.3313
Li, J. S., Zou, D. W., Jin, Z. D., Chen, J., Shi, X. G., Li, Z. S., & Liu, F. (2019). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Billroth II gastrectomy patients: Outcomes and potential factors affecting technical failure. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology, 25(6), 355-361. https://doi.org/10.4103/sjg.SJG_118_19
Wu, W. G., Gu, J., Zhang, W. J., Zhao, M. N., Zhuang, M., Tao, Y. J., Liu, Y. B., & Wang, X. F. (2014). ERCP for patients who have undergone Billroth II gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20(2), 607-610. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i2.607
Feitoza, A. B., & Baron, T. H. (2002). Endoscopy and ERCP in the setting of previous upper GI tract surgery. Part II: postsurgical anatomy with alteration of the pancreaticobiliary tree. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 55(1), 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2002.120385
Schreiner, M. A., Chang, L., Gluck, M., Irani, S., Gan, S. I., Brandabur, J. J., Thirlby, R., Moonka, R., Kozarek, R. A., & Ross, A. S. (2012). Laparoscopy-assisted versus balloon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP in bariatric post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 75(4), 748-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.11.019
Forbes, A., & Cotton, P. B. (1984). ERCP and sphincterotomy after Billroth II gastrectomy. Gut, 25(9), 971-974. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.25.9.971
Osnes, M., Rosseland, A. R., & Aabakken, L. (1986). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic papillotomy in patients with a previous Billroth-II resection. Gut, 27(10), 1193-1198. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.27.10.1193
Park, T. Y., Bang, C. S., Choi, S. H., Yang, Y. J., Shin, S. P., Suk, K. T., Baik, G. H., Kim, D. J., & Yoon, J. H. (2018). Forward-viewing endoscope for ERCP in patients with Billroth II gastrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgical Endoscopy, 32(11), 4598-4613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-6213-1
Wang, F., Xu, B., Li, Q., Zhang, X., Jiang, G., Ge, X., Nie, J., Zhang, X., Wu, P., Ji, J., & Miao, L. (2016). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with surgically altered anatomy: One single center's experience. Medicine, 95(52), Article e5743. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005743
Bove, V., Tringali, A., Familiari, P., Gigante, G., Boškoski, I., Perri, V., Mutignani, M., & Costamagna, G. (2015). ERCP in patients with prior Billroth II gastrectomy: report of 30 years' experience. Endoscopy, 47(7), 611-616. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1391567
Sugimoto, M., Takagi, T., Suzuki, R., Konno, N., Asama, H., Sato, Y., Irie, H., Watanabe, K., Nakamura, J., Kikuchi, H., Takasumi, M., Hashimoto, M., Kato, T., Hikichi, T., & Ohira, H. (2020). Which scope is appropriate for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography after Billroth II reconstruction: An esophagogastroduodenoscope or a colonoscope? World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 12(8), 220-230. https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v12.i8.220
Lin, L. F., Siauw, C. P., Ho, K. S., & Tung, J. C. (1999). ERCP in Post-Billroth II Gastrectomy Patients: Emphasis on Technique. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 94(1), 144-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00785.x
Schneider, M., Höllerich, J., & Beyna, T. (2019). Device-assisted enteroscopy: A review of available techniques and upcoming new technologies. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 25(27), 3538-3545. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3538
Katanuma, A., & Isayama, H. (2014). Current status of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with surgically altered anatomy in Japan: questionnaire survey and important discussion points at Endoscopic Forum Japan 2013. Digestive Endoscopy, 26(S2), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12247
Shah, R. J., Smolkin, M., Yen, R., Ross, A., Kozarek, R. A., Howell, D. A., Bakis, G., Jonnalagadda, S. S., Al-Lehibi, A. A., Hardy, A., Morgan, D. R., Sethi, A., Stevens, P. D., Akerman, P. A., Thakkar, S. J., & Brauer, B. C. (2013). A multicenter, U.S. experience of single-balloon, double-balloon, and rotational overtube-assisted enteroscopy ERCP in patients with surgically altered pancreaticobiliary anatomy (with video). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 77(4), 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.10.015
Skinner, M., Popa, D., Neumann, H., Wilcox, C. M., & Mönkemüller, K. (2014). ERCP with the overtube-assisted enteroscopy technique: a systematic review. Endoscopy, 46(7), 560-572. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1365698
Ali, M. F., Modayil, R., Gurram, K. C., Brathwaite, C., Friedel, D., & Stavropoulos, S. N. (2018). Spiral enteroscopy-assisted ERCP in bariatric-length Roux-en-Y anatomy: a large single-center series and review of the literature (with video). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 87(5), 1241-1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2017.12.024
Zouhairi, M. E., Watson, J. B., Desai, S. V., Swartz, D. K., Castillo-Roth, A., Haque, M., Jowell, P. S., Branch, M. S., & Burbridge, R. A. (2015). Rotational assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with reconstructive gastrointestinal surgical anatomy. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 7(3), 278-282. https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v7.i3.278
Inamdar, S., Slattery, E., Sejpal, D. V., Miller, L. S., Pleskow, D. K., Berzin, T. M., & Trindade, A. J. (2015). Systematic review and meta-analysis of single-balloon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP in patients with surgically altered GI anatomy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 82(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2015.02.013
Ayoub, F., Brar, T. S., Banerjee, D., Abbas, A. M., Wang, Y., Yang, D., & Draganov, P. V. (2020). Laparoscopy-assisted versus enteroscopy-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a meta-analysis. Endoscopy International Open, 8(3), E423-E436. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1070-9132
Shimatani, M., Hatanaka, H., Kogure, H., Tsutsumi, K., Kawashima, H., Hanada, K., Matsuda, T., Fujita, T., Takaoka, M., Yano, T., Yamada, A., Kato, H., Okazaki, K., Yamamoto, H., Ishikawa, H., Sugano, K., & Japanese DB-ERC Study Group. (2016). Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography Using a Short-Type Double-Balloon Endoscope in Patients With Altered Gastrointestinal Anatomy: A Multicenter Prospective Study in Japan. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 111(12), 1750-1758. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.420
Koo, H. C., Moon, J. H., Choi, H. J., Ko, B. M., Hong, S. J., Cheon, Y. K., Cho, Y. D., Lee, J. S., Lee, M. S., & Shim, C. S. (2009). The utility of a multibending endoscope for selective cannulation during ERCP in patients with a Billroth II gastrectomy (with video). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 69(4), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2008.10.053
Yano, T., Hatanaka, H., Yamamoto, H., Nakazawa, K., Nishimura, N., Wada, S., Tamada, K., & Sugano, K. (2012). Intraluminal injection of indigo carmine facilitates identification of the afferent limb during double-balloon ERCP. Endoscopy, 44(Suppl. 2), E340-E341. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1309865
Lo, S. (2019, March 29). Tips and tricks for device-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). World Endoscopy Organization. https://www.worldendo.org/2019/03/29/tips-and-tricks-for-device-assisted-endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography-ercp/
Ishii, K., Itoi, T., Tonozuka, R., Itokawa, F., Sofuni, A., Tsuchiya, T., Tsuji, S., Ikeuchi, N., Kamada, K., Umeda, J., Tanaka, R., Honjo, M., Mukai, S., Fujita, M., Moriyasu, F., Baron, T. H., & Gotoda, T. (2016). Balloon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP in patients with Roux-en-Y gastrectomy and intact papillae (with videos). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 83(2), 377-386.E6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2015.06.020
Okabe, Y., Ishida, Y., Kuraoka, K., Ushijima, T., & Tsuruta, O. (2014). Endoscopic bile duct and/or pancreatic duct cannulation technique for patients with surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy. Digestive Endoscopy, 26(S2), 122-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12274
Park, S. B., Kim, H. W., Kang, D. H., Choi, C. W., Yoon, K. T., Cho, M., & Song, B. J. (2013). Sphincterotomy by triple lumen needle knife using guide wire in patients with Billroth II gastrectomy. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 19(48), 9405-9409. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i48.9405
Yamauchi, H., Kida, M., Imaizumi, H., Okuwaki, K., Miyazawa, S., Iwai, T., & Koizumi, W. (2015). Innovations and techniques for balloon-enteroscope-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21(21), 6460-6469. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i21.6460
Khashab, M. A., El Zein, M. H., Sharzehi, K., Marson, F. P., Haluszka, O., Small, A. J., Nakai, Y., Park, D. H., Kunda, R., Teoh, A. Y., Peñas, I., Perez-Miranda, M., Kumbhari, V., Van der Merwe, S., Artifon, E. L., & Ross, A. S. (2016). EUS-guided biliary drainage or enteroscopy-assisted ERCP in patients with surgical anatomy and biliary obstruction: an international comparative study. Endoscopy International Open, 4(12), E1322-E1327. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-110790
Jang, H. W., Lee, K. J., Jung, M. J., Jung, J. W., Park, J. Y., Park, S. W., Song, S. Y., Chung, J. B., & Bang, S. (2013). Endoscopic Papillary Large Balloon Dilatation Alone Is Safe and Effective for the Treatment of Difficult Choledocholithiasis in Cases of Billroth II Gastrectomy: A Single Center Experience. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 58(6), 1737-1743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-013-2580-6
Williams, E., Beckingham, I., El Sayed, G., Gurusamy, K., Sturgess, R., Webster, G., & Young, T. (2017). Updated guideline on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Gut, 66(5), 765-782. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312317
Tringali, A., Rota, M., Rossi, M., Hassan, C., Adler, D. G., & Mutignani, M. (2019). A cumulative meta-analysis of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of common bile duct stones. Endoscopy, 51(6), 548-559. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0818-3638
Kim, T. H., Kim, J. H., Seo, D. W., Lee, D. K., Reddy, N. D., Rerknimitr, R., Ratanachu-Ek, T., Khor, C. J., Itoi, T., Yasuda, I., Isayama, H., Lau, J. Y., Wang, H. P., Chan, H. H., Hu, B., Kozarek, R. A., & Baron, T. H. (2016). International consensus guidelines for endoscopic papillary large-balloon dilation. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 83(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2015.06.016
Li, J. S., Zou, D. W., Jin, Z. D., Shi, X. G., Chen, J., Li, Z. S., & Liu, F. (2020). Predictive factors for extraction of common bile duct stones during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Billroth II anatomy patients. Surgical Endoscopy, 34(6), 2454-2459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-019-07039-8
Testoni, P. A., Mariani, A., Aabakken, L., Arvanitakis, M., Bories, E., Costamagna, G., Devière, J., Dinis-Ribeiro, M., Dumonceau, J. M., Giovannini, M., Gyokeres, T., Hafner, M., Halttunen, J., Hassan, C., Lopes, L., Papanikolaou, I. S., Tham, T. C., Tringali, A., van Hooft, J., & Williams, E. J. (2016). Papillary cannulation and sphincterotomy techniques at ERCP: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy, 48(7), 657-683. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-108641
Nakai, Y., Kogure, H., Yamada, A., Isayama, H., & Koike, K. (2018). Endoscopic management of bile duct stones in patients with surgically altered anatomy. Digestive Endoscopy, 30(S1), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.13022
Lee, S. H., Park, J. K., Yoon, W. J., Lee, J. K., Ryu, J. K., Kim, Y. T., & Yoon, Y. B. (2007). How to predict the outcome of endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy in patients with difficult bile duct stones? Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 42(8), 1006-1010. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520701204253
Neuhaus, H., Zillinger, C., Born, P., Ott, R., Allescher, H., Rösch, T., & Classen, M. (1998). Randomized study of intracorporeal laser lithotripsy versus extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stones. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 47(5), 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(98)70214-7
Tao, T., Zhang, M., Zhang, Q. J., Li, L., Li, T., Zhu, X., Li, M. D., Li, G. H., & Sun, S. X. (2017). Outcome of a session of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for problematic and large common bile duct stones. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 23(27), 4950-4957. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.4950
Sharaiha, R. Z., Khan, M. A., Kamal, F., Tyberg, A., Tombazzi, C. R., Ali, B., Tombazzi, C., & Kahaleh, M. (2017). Efficacy and safety of EUS-guided biliary drainage in comparison with percutaneous biliary drainage when ERCP fails: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 85(5), 904-914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2016.12.023
Iwashita, T., Nakai, Y., Hara, K., Isayama, H., Itoi, T., & Park, D. H. (2016). Endoscopic ultrasound-guided antegrade treatment of bile duct stone in patients with surgically altered anatomy: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences, 23(4), 227-233. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.329
Gómez, V., & Petersen, B. (2015). Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Surgically Altered Anatomy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics Of North America, 25(4), 631-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giec.2015.06.001
Baron, T. H., & Vickers, S. M. (1998). Surgical gastrostomy placement as access for diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 48(6), 640-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(98)70052-5
Choi, E. K., Chiorean, M. V., Coté, G. A., El Hajj, I. I., Ballard, D., Fogel, E. L., Watkins, J. L., McHenry, L., Sherman, S., & Lehman, G. A. (2013). ERCP via gastrostomy vs. double balloon enteroscopy in patients with prior bariatric Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Surgical Endoscopy, 27(8), 2894-2899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-013-2850-6
Bukhari, M., Kowalski, T., Nieto, J., Kunda, R., Ahuja, N. K., Irani, S., Shah, A., Loren, D., Brewer, O., Sanaei, O., Chen, Y. I., Ngamruengphong, S., Kumbhari, V., Singh, V., Aridi, H. D., & Khashab, M. A. (2018). An international, multicenter, comparative trial of EUS-guided gastrogastrostomy-assisted ERCP versus enteroscopy-assisted ERCP in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass anatomy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 88(3), 486-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2018.04.2356
Attam, R., Arain, M. A., Leslie, D. B., Tiewala, M.A., Leventhal, T., Freeman, M. L., & Ikramuddin, S. (2014). Endoscopic sutured gastropexy: a novel technique for performing a secure gastrostomy (with videos). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 79(6), 1011-1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2014.02.014
Attam, R., Leslie, D., Arain, M. A., Freeman, M. L., & Ikramuddin, S. (2015). EUS-guided sutured gastropexy for transgastric ERCP (ESTER) in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a novel, single-session, minimally invasive approach. Endoscopy, 47(7), 646-649. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1391124
Snauwaert, C., Laukens, P., Dillemans, B., Himpens, J., De Looze, D., Deprez, P. H., & Badaoui, A. (2015). Laparoscopy-assisted transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in bariatric Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. Endoscopy International Open, 3(5), E458-E463. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1392108
Koggel, L. M., Wahab, P. J., Robijn, R. J., Aufenacker, T. J., Witteman, B., Groenen, M., & Vrolijk, J. M. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of 100 Laparoscopy-Assisted Transgastric Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Procedures in Patients with Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Obesity Surgery, 31(3), 987-993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-020-04946-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)
