Effect of long-term training on heart rate variability, central hemodynamics and physical working capacity in female swimmers with different sports qualifications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2021.5.237403Keywords:
swimming, female, athletes, correlationAbstract
The aim of this study was to compare the indices of heart rate variability, central hemodynamics and physical working capacity in female swimmers with different sports qualifications.
Materials and methods. The indices of heart rate variability (HRV), central hemodynamics (CH) and physical development (PD) were studied in 44 female swimmers (mean age 15.00 ± 0.36 years, swimming experience – 7.40 ± 0.35 years) depending on their sports qualifications (MSIC, MS, CMS, first- and second-class athletes). To analyze the autonomic regulation of cardiac activity, power spectral and time-domain indices of HRV were used. CH were examined by the method of automated tetrapolar rheography according to W. Kubiček et al. (1970) in Y. T. Pushkar’s et al. modification (1970). Physical working capacity was measured according to the generally accepted technique on a cycling ergometer using the PWC170 submaximal test. The functional state index (FSI) was calculated using the formula patented by authors.
Results. Significant differences were found between the indices of HRV, CH and PD in female swimmers with different qualifications. Thus, in the athletes with the MSIC–MS sports qualifications, heart rate was 61.0 ± 3.8 bpm, cardiac index (CI) – 2.978 ± 0.098 L·min-1·m-2 (there was a trend towards the eukinetic type of hemodynamics (TH)), stress index (SI) – 51.16 ± 12.66 relative units (r.u.), PWC170/kg – 16.98 ± 1.22 kgm·min-1·kg-1, FSI – 6.511 ± 0.422 r.u. A decrease in heart rate among them was correlated with a decrease in SI, and an increase in Mo – with a decrease in CI. In female CMS swimmers, heart rate was 61.37 ± 2.83 beats/min-1, CI – 3.021 ± 0.112 l -1min -1·m -2 , a trend towards the predominantly eukinetic TH, SI – 53.73 ± 9.41 r.u., PWC170 /kg– 14.66 ± 0.683 kgm·min-1·kg -1, FSI – 5.683 ± 0.324 r.u. Reduced values of SI and CI were associated with increased values of Mo and PWC170/kg. In first- and second-class female swimmers, heart rate was 63.05 ± 2.22 beats/min, SI – 50.62 ± 6.4 r.u. This group tended to be eytonic and eukinetic. The mean value of the PWC170/kg was 14.19 ± 0.589 kgm·min-1·kg-1 and FSI – 5.953 ± 0.337 r.u. Correlation analysis confirmed the relationship between the decrease in heart rate and CI and the increase in Mo and PWC170/kg.
Conclusions. Long-term training in female swimmers at the distance of 50 to 200 meters is accompanied by the significant increase in the PWC170/kg values with qualification improving, 14.19 ± 0.589 kgm·min-1·kg-1, 14.66 ± 0.683 kgm·min-1·kg-1; 16.98 ± 1.22 kgm·min-1·kg-1, respectively, improvements in HRV (decrease in stress index and increase in Mo) and decrease in CI.
References
Baevskii, R. M., & Berseneva, A. P. (1997). Otsenka adaptatsionnykh vozmozhnostei organizma i risk razvitiya zabolevanii [Assessment of adaptation capabilities of the organism and a risk of disease development]. Meditsina. [in Russian].
Didenko, M. V., Mikhalyuk, E. L., & Malakhova, S. N. (2014). Vegetativnoye obespecheniye pokazateley serdechno-sosudistoy sistemy i fizicheskoy rabotosposobnosti legkoatletok-sprinterov [Vegetative provision indicators of cardiovascular system and physical effi ciency of women athlet-sprinters]. Zaporozhye medical journal, 1(82), 16-19. [in Russian].
Kazin, E. M., Panferov, V. A., Riftin, A. D., Khodakovskiĭ, A. N., & Khmyrin, A. A. (1991). Opyt ispol'zovaniia avtomatizirovannykh sistem dlia otsenki funktsional'nykh osobennosteĭ organizma. Soobshchenie II. Pokazateli vegetativnoĭ reguliatsii u sportsmenov razlichnoĭ spetsializatsii i urovnia fizicheskoĭ rabotosposobnosti organizma [Experience in using automatic systems for assessing the functional characteristics of the body. II. The indices of autonomic regulation in athletes of different sports specialties and levels of the physical work capacity of the body]. Fiziologiya cheloveka, 17(2), 135-140 [in Russian].
Mykhaliuk, Ye. L. (2006). Vegetativnaya regulyatsiya serdechnoi deyatel'nosti, tsentral'naya gemodinamika i fizicheskaya rabotosposobnost' u sportsmenok vysokogo klassa, zanimayushchikhsya plavaniem [Autonomic regulation of cardiac activity, central hemodynamics and physical performance in high-class female swimming athletes]. Patologіya, 3(2), 82-85. [in Russian].
Mikhalyuk, E. L., Didenko, M. V., & Malakhova, S. M. (2014). Osoblyvosti vehetatyvnoi rehuliatsii sertsevoho rytmu, tsentralnoi hemodynamiky i fizychnoi pratsezdatnosti u bihuniv na korotki dystantsii [Features of autonomic regulation of heart rate, central hemodynamics and physical performance in short-distance runners]. Zaporozhye medical journal, (2), 64-68 [in Ukrainian].
Mikhalyuk, E. L., Malakhova, S. N., & Didenko, M. V. (2014). Rytm sertsia, tsentralna hemodynamika i fizychna pratsezdatnist u bihuniv na seredni dystantsii [Heart rate, central hemodynamics and physical performance in middle-distance runners]. Zaporozhye medical journal, (3), 47-51 [in Ukrainian].
Mikhalyuk, E. L., Malahova, S. N., & Didenko, M. V. (2014). Vegetativnoye obespecheniye tsentral'noy gemodinamiki i fizicheskoy rabotosposobnosti beguniy na sredniye distantsii [Vegetative provision of central hemodynamics and physical performance of middle distance sportswomen-runners]. Pathologia, (1), 96-99. [in Russian].
Mikhalyuk, E. L., & Malakhova, S. N. (2015). Vehetatyvna rehulyatsia, tsentralna hemodynamika ta fizychna pratsezdatnist u futbolistiv v zalezhnosti vid sportyvnoi kvalifikatsii [Vegetative regulation, central hemodynamics and physical performance in football players depending on sports qualifications]. Naukovyi chasopys Natsionalnoho pedahohichnoho universytetu imeni M.P. Drahomanova. Seriia 15. Naukovo-pedahohichni problemy fizychnoi kultury (fizychna kultura i sport), (3К2), 228-230. [in Ukrainian].
Mykhaliuk, Ye. L., Potapenko, M. S., Horokhovskyi, Ye. Yu., Hunina, L. M., & Holovashchenko, R. V. (2020). Characteristics of autonomic maintenance of central hemodynamics and physical working capacity in highly qualified sprint swimmers. Zaporozhye medical journal, 22(2), 245-249. https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2020.2.200627
Mykhaliuk, Ye. L., Syvolap, V. V., & Tkalіch, І. V. (2008). Sposib otsinky funktsionalnoho stanu orhanizmu osib, shcho zaimaiutsia fizychnoiu kulturoiu ta sportom [Method for assessing functional state of body in persons practicing sports] (Ukraine. Patent No. 36013). Ukraina. Derzhavna sluzhba intelektualnoi vlasnosti Ukrainy. https://base.uipv.org/searchINV/search.php?action=viewdetails&IdClaim=124703 [in Ukrainian].
Baevskii, R. M., & Motylyanskaya, R. E. (Eds.). (1986). Ritm serdtsa u sportsmenov [Heart rhythm in athletes]. Fizkul'tura i sport. [in Russian].
Karpman, V. L., Belotserkovskii, Z. B., & Gudkov, I. A. (1988). Testirovanie v sportivnoi meditsine [Testing in sports medicine]. Fizkul'tura i sport. [in Russian].
Shakhanova, A. V., Koblev, Ya. K., & Grechishkina S. S. (2010). Osobennosti adaptatsii serdechno-sosudistoi sistemy sportsmenov raznykh vidov sporta po dannym variabel'nosti ritma serdtsa [Specific features of the adaptation of the cardiovascular system of sportsmen shown by data of heart rate variability]. Vestnik Adygeiskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4: Estestvenno-matematicheskie i tekhnicheskie nauki, (1), 105-111. [in Russian].
Shlyk, N. I. (2009). Serdechnyi ritm i tip regulyatsii u detei, podrostkov i sportsmenov [The heart rate and regulation type of children, teenagers and sportsmen]. Udmurt university. [in Russian].
Bolotin, A. E., & Ponimasov, O. E. (2020, January 18). Female Swimmers’ Training Level Estimation on the Basis of Heart Rate Variability Indices Analysis. In A. Appolloni, F. Caracciolo, Z. Ding, P. Gogas, G. Huang, G. Nartea, T. Ngo, & W. Striełkowski (Eds.), Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research (Vol. 114, pp. 629-631). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200114.145
Lätt, E., Jürimäe, J., Haljaste, K., Cicchella, A., Purge, P., & Jürimäella, T. (2009). Physical Development and Swimming Performance During Biological Maturation in Young Female Swimmers. Collegium Antropologicum, 33(1), 117-122.
Tsalis, G., Toubekis, A. G., Michailidou, D., Gourgoulis, V., Douda, H., & Tokmakidis, S. P. (2012). Physiological Responses and Stroke-Parameter Changes During Interval Swimming in Different Age-Group Female Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(12), 3312-3319. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31824e1724
Silva, A. J., Marinho, D., Mourão-Carvalha, I., Durão, M., Reis, V., Carneiro, A., & Aidar, F. (2007). Mathematical modeling analysis of the performance evolution along the career-span of female swimmers. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 13(3), 155e-159e
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)