Extrapulmonary manifestations of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): current status (a literature review)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2022.5.259096

Keywords:

coronavirus disease COVID-19, viral infection, extrapulmonary manifestations

Abstract

The aim of the study is to analyze the literature data on modern views concerning extrapulmonary manifestations of coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

Based on the analysis of current publications, the article analyzes the clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as a multisystem disorder with two main types of clinical manifestations, namely pulmonary and extrapulmonary. Determining pathogenetic mechanisms of extrapulmonary symptoms are, on the one hand, the tropism of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 receptors, expressed not only by alveolar epithelial type II cells, but also by cells of the heart, nervous system, vascular endothelium, small and large intestine, basal layer cells of the epidermis, cells of endocrine organs, etc., and on the other hand, immune-dependent mechanisms, in particular the development of “cytokine storm”.

It is shown that the spectrum of extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 is very wide, and clinical manifestations are characterized by significant polymorphism. Extrapulmonary symptoms of COVID-19 were analyzed considering the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems, skin and others. Attention is drawn to a certain association between definite extrapulmonary manifestations and the severity of COVID-19 course.

Thus, particular extrapulmonary manifestations are associated with a milder course of COVID-19 (anosmia, dysgeusia, etc.), others, vice versa, occur in severe disease (damage to liver, kidney, heart, pancreas). In addition, some extrapulmonary manifestations, especially of the nervous system, may remain in patients even after an acute period of the disease. Some extrapulmonary manifestations, which are currently described in a small number of patients, are also reviewed.

Conclusions. COVID-19 is characterized by a wide range and high frequency of extrapulmonary manifestations, which is explained by both the direct action of SARS-CoV-2 and immune-dependent mechanisms. Some extrapulmonary manifestations are associated with a milder course of COVID-19, others, on the contrary, occur in severe disease.

 

Author Biographies

O. V. Riabokon, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Ukraine

MD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Infectious Diseases

K. A. Pak, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Ukraine

MD, Assistant of the Department of Infectious Diseases

Yu. Yu. Riabokon, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Ukraine

MD, PhD, DSc, Professor of the Department of Children Infectious Diseases

O. O. Furyk, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Ukraine

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Infectious Diseases

V. V. Cherkaskyi, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Ukraine

MD, Assistant of the Department of Infectious Diseases; Head of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care of Municipal Non-Profit Enterprise “Regional Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital” of Zaporizhzhia Regional Council, Ukraine

References

Elrobaa, I. H., & New, K. J. (2021). COVID-19: Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Manifestations. Frontiers in public health, 9, 711616. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.711616

Lee, I. C., Huo, T. I., & Huang, Y. H. (2020). Gastrointestinal and liver manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA, 83(6), 521-523. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000319

Gupta, A., Madhavan, M. V., Sehgal, K., Nair, N., Mahajan, S., Sehrawat, T. S., Bikdeli, B., Ahluwalia, N., Ausiello, J. C., Wan, E. Y., Freedberg, D. E., Kirtane, A. J., Parikh, S. A., Maurer, M. S., Nordvig, A. S., Accili, D., Bathon, J. M., Mohan, S., Bauer, K. A., Leon, M. B., … Landry, D. W. (2020). Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nature medicine, 26(7), 1017-1032. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3

Mao, R., Qiu, Y., He, J. S., Tan, J. Y., Li, X. H., Liang, J., Shen, J., Zhu, L. R., Chen, Y., Iacucci, M., Ng, S. C., Ghosh, S., & Chen, M. H. (2020). Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 5(7), 667-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30126-6

Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., Miao, X., Li, Y., & Hu, B. (2020). Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA neurology, 77(6), 683-690. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127

Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Megalakaki, O., Laimou, D., & Kousouri, M. (2020). Insomnia during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: Prevalence, severity, and associated risk factors in French population. Psychiatry research, 290, 113128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113128

Tan, Y. K., Goh, C., Leow, A., Tambyah, P. A., Ang, A., Yap, E. S., Tu, T. M., Sharma, V. K., Yeo, L., Chan, B., & Tan, B. (2020). COVID-19 and ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-summary of the literature. Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis, 50(3), 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02228-y

Goren, A., McCoy, J., Wambier, C. G., Vano-Galvan, S., Shapiro, J., Dhurat, R., Washenik, K., & Lotti, T. (2020). What does androgenetic alopecia have to do with COVID-19? An insight into a potential new therapy. Dermatologic therapy, 33(4), e13365. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13365

Kabbani, N., & Olds, J. L. (2020). Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk. Molecular pharmacology, 97(5), 351-353. https://doi.org/10.1124/molpharm.120.000014

Zou, X., Chen, K., Zou, J., Han, P., Hao, J., & Han, Z. (2020). Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers of medicine, 14(2), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0

Puliatti, S., Eissa, A., Eissa, R., Amato, M., Mazzone, E., Dell'Oglio, P., Sighinolfi, M. C., Zoeir, A., Micali, S., Bianchi, G., Patel, V., Wiklund, P., Coelho, R. F., Bernhard, J. C., Dasgupta, P., Mottrie, A., & Rocco, B. (2020). COVID-19 and urology: a comprehensive review of the literature. BJU international, 125(6), E7-E14. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.15071

Zou, X., Chen, K., Zou, J., Han, P., Hao, J., & Han, Z. (2020). Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers of medicine, 14(2), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0

Tian, Y., Rong, L., Nian, W., & He, Y. (2020). Review article: gastrointestinal features in COVID-19 and the possibility of faecal transmission. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 51(9), 843-851. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15731

Xiao, F., Tang, M., Zheng, X., Liu, Y., Li, X., & Shan, H. (2020). Evidence for Gastrointestinal Infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology, 158(6), 1831-1833.e3. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055

Wan, Y., Li, J., Shen, L., Zou, Y., Hou, L., Zhu, L., Faden, H. S., Tang, Z., Shi, M., Jiao, N., Li, Y., Cheng, S., Huang, Y., Wu, D., Xu, Z., Pan, L., Zhu, J., Yan, G., Zhu, R., & Lan, P. (2020). Enteric involvement in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 outside Wuhan. The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 5(6), 534-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30118-7

Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061-1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585

Sivandzadeh, G. R., Askari, H., Safarpour, A. R., Ejtehadi, F., Raeis-Abdollahi, E., Vaez Lari, A., Abazari, M. F., Tarkesh, F., & Bagheri Lankarani, K. (2021). COVID-19 infection and liver injury: Clinical features, biomarkers, potential mechanisms, treatment, and management challenges. World journal of clinical cases, 9(22), 6178-6200. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i22.6178

Galanopoulos, M., Gkeros, F., Doukatas, A., Karianakis, G., Pontas, C., Tsoukalas, N., Viazis, N., Liatsos, C., & Mantzaris, G. J. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Pathophysiology and manifestations from the gastrointestinal tract. World journal of gastroenterology, 26(31), 4579-4588. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i31.4579

Kumar-M, P., Mishra, S., Jha, D. K., Shukla, J., Choudhury, A., Mohindra, R., Mandavdhare, H. S., Dutta, U., & Sharma, V. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the liver: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology international, 14(5), 711-722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-020-10071-9

Riabokon, O. V., Tumanska, L. M., Cherkaskyi, V. V., & Riabokon, Yu. Yu. (2021). Clinical and pathomorphological analysis of deaths from COVID-19 in 2020. Pathologia, 18(3), 269-277. https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1237.2021.3.242247

Tao, Y., Tang, L. V., & Hu, Y. (2020). Treatments in the COVID-19 pandemic: an update on clinical trials. Expert opinion on emerging drugs, 25(2), 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728214.2020.1773431

Steardo, L., Steardo, L., Jr, Zorec, R., & Verkhratsky, A. (2020). Neuroinfection may contribute to pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Acta physiologica, 229(3), e13473. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.13473

Han, Y., Yuan, K., Wang, Z., Liu, W. J., Lu, Z. A., Liu, L., Shi, L., Yan, W., Yuan, J. L., Li, J. L., Shi, J., Liu, Z. C., Wang, G. H., Kosten, T., Bao, Y. P., & Lu, L. (2021). Neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19, potential neurotropic mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions. Translational psychiatry, 11(1), 499. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01629-8

Zanin, L., Saraceno, G., Panciani, P. P., Renisi, G., Signorini, L., Migliorati, K., & Fontanella, M. M. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta neurochirurgica, 162(7), 1491-1494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-020-04374-x

MacLean, M. A., Kamintsky, L., Leck, E. D., & Friedman, A. (2020). The potential role of microvascular pathology in the neurological manifestations of coronavirus infection. Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 17(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-020-00216-1

Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., Zandi, M. S., Lewis, G., & David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(7), 611-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0

Varatharaj, A., Thomas, N., Ellul, M. A., Davies, N., Pollak, T. A., Tenorio, E. L., Sultan, M., Easton, A., Breen, G., Zandi, M., Coles, J. P., Manji, H., Al-Shahi Salman, R., Menon, D. K., Nicholson, T. R., Benjamin, L. A., Carson, A., Smith, C., Turner, M. R., Solomon, T., … CoroNerve Study Group (2020). Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(10), 875-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X

Mohseni Afshar, Z., Babazadeh, A., Hasanpour, A., Barary, M., Sayad, B., Janbakhsh, A., Aryanian, Z., & Ebrahimpour, S. (2021). Dermatological manifestations associated with COVID-19: A comprehensive review of the current knowledge. Journal of medical virology, 93(10), 5756-5767. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27187

Rentero, D., Juanes, A., Losada, C. P., Álvarez, S., Parra, A., Santana, V., Martí, I., & Urricelqui, J. (2020). New-onset psychosis in COVID-19 pandemic: a case series in Madrid. Psychiatry research, 290, 113097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113097

Sedaghat, Z., & Karimi, N. (2020). Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: A case report. Journal of clinical neuroscience, 76, 233-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.062

Jamiolkowski, D., Mühleisen, B., Müller, S., Navarini, A. A., Tzankov, A., & Roider, E. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing of skin for COVID-19 diagnostics: a case report. Lancet, 396(10251), 598-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31754-2

Recalcati, S. (2020). Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 34(5), e212-e213. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16387

Tammaro, A., Adebanjo, G., Parisella, F. R., Pezzuto, A., & Rello, J. (2020). Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: the experiences of Barcelona and Rome. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 34(7), e306-e307. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16530

Sachdeva, M., Gianotti, R., Shah, M., Bradanini, L., Tosi, D., Veraldi, S., Ziv, M., Leshem, E., & Dodiuk-Gad, R. P. (2020). Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: Report of three cases and a review of literature. Journal of dermatological science, 98(2), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.04.011

Wambier, C. G., Vaño-Galván, S., McCoy, J., Gomez-Zubiaur, A., Herrera, S., Hermosa-Gelbard, Á., Moreno-Arrones, O. M., Jiménez-Gómez, N., González-Cantero, A., Fonda-Pascual, P., Segurado-Miravalles, G., Shapiro, J., Pérez-García, B., & Goren, A. (2020). Androgenetic alopecia present in the majority of patients hospitalized with COVID-19: The "Gabrin sign". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 83(2), 680-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.079

Neri, I., Guglielmo, A., Virdi, A., Gaspari, V., Starace, M., & Piraccini, B. M. (2020). The red half-moon nail sign: a novel manifestation of coronavirus infection. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 34(11), e663-e665. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16747

Naicker, S., Yang, C. W., Hwang, S. J., Liu, B. C., Chen, J. H., & Jha, V. (2020). The Novel Coronavirus 2019 epidemic and kidneys. Kidney international, 97(5), 824-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.001

Pei, G., Zhang, Z., Peng, J., Liu, L., Zhang, C., Yu, C., Ma, Z., Huang, Y., Liu, W., Yao, Y., Zeng, R., & Xu, G. (2020). Renal Involvement and Early Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 31(6), 1157-1165. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020030276

Li, X., Wang, L., Yan, S., Yang, F., Xiang, L., Zhu, J., Shen, B., & Gong, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 25 death cases with COVID-19: A retrospective review of medical records in a single medical center, Wuhan, China. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID, 94, 128-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.053

Zheng, Y. Y., Ma, Y. T., Zhang, J. Y., & Xie, X. (2020). COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nature reviews. Cardiology, 17(5), 259-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5

Kang, Y., Chen, T., Mui, D., Ferrari, V., Jagasia, D., Scherrer-Crosbie, M., Chen, Y., & Han, Y. (2020). Cardiovascular manifestations and treatment considerations in COVID-19. Heart, 106(15), 1132-1141. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317056

Sattar, Y., Ullah, W., Rauf, H., Virk, H., Yadav, S., Chowdhury, M., Connerney, M., Mamtani, S., Pahuja, M., Patel, R. D., Mir, T., Almas, T., Moussa Pacha, H., & Chadi Alraies, M. (2020). COVID-19 cardiovascular epidemiology, cellular pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management. International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature, 29, 100589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100589

Deng, Q., Hu, B., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Zhou, X., Hu, W., Cheng, Y., Yan, J., Ping, H., & Zhou, Q. (2020). Suspected myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19: Evidence from front-line clinical observation in Wuhan, China. International journal of cardiology, 311, 116-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.03.087

Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5

Madjid, M., Safavi-Naeini, P., Solomon, S. D., & Vardeny, O. (2020). Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. JAMA cardiology, 5(7), 831-840. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1286

Lippi, G., Lavie, C. J., & Sanchis-Gomar, F. (2020). Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence from a meta-analysis. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 63(3), 390-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.001

Lala, A., Johnson, K. W., Januzzi, J. L., Russak, A. J., Paranjpe, I., Richter, F., Zhao, S., Somani, S., Van Vleck, T., Vaid, A., Chaudhry, F., De Freitas, J. K., Fayad, Z. A., Pinney, S. P., Levin, M., Charney, A., Bagiella, E., Narula, J., Glicksberg, B. S., Nadkarni, G., … Mount Sinai COVID Informatics Center (2020). Prevalence and Impact of Myocardial Injury in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Infection. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(5), 533-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.007

Bode, B., Garrett, V., Messler, J., McFarland, R., Crowe, J., Booth, R., & Klonoff, D. C. (2020). Glycemic Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the United States. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 14(4), 813-821. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296820924469

Li, J., Wang, X., Chen, J., Zuo, X., Zhang, H., & Deng, A. (2020). COVID-19 infection may cause ketosis and ketoacidosis. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 22(10), 1935-1941. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14057

Chen, M., Zhou, W., & Xu, W. (2021). Thyroid Function Analysis in 50 Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Study. Thyroid, 31(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2020.0363

Heidarpour, M., Vakhshoori, M., Abbasi, S., Shafie, D., & Rezaei, N. (2020). Adrenal insufficiency in coronavirus disease 2019: a case report. Journal of medical case reports, 14(1), 134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-020-02461-2

Alzahrani, A. S., Mukhtar, N., Aljomaiah, A., Aljamei, H., Bakhsh, A., Alsudani, N., Elsayed, T., Alrashidi, N., Fadel, R., Alqahtani, E., Raef, H., Butt, M. I., & Sulaiman, O. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 Viral Infection on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Endocrine practice, 27(2), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2020.10.014

Hikmet, F., Méar, L., Edvinsson, Å., Micke, P., Uhlén, M., & Lindskog, C. (2020). The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Molecular systems biology, 16(7), e9610. https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.20209610

Wang, Z., & Xu, X. (2020). scRNA-seq Profiling of Human Testes Reveals the Presence of the ACE2 Receptor, A Target for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli Cells. Cells, 9(4), 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9040920

Okçelik S. (2021). COVID-19 pneumonia causes lower testosterone levels. Andrologia, 53(1), e13909. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13909

Yang, M., Chen, S., Huang, B., Zhong, J. M., Su, H., Chen, Y. J., Cao, Q., Ma, L., He, J., Li, X. F., Li, X., Zhou, J. J., Fan, J., Luo, D. J., Chang, X. N., Arkun, K., Zhou, M., & Nie, X. (2020). Pathological Findings in the Testes of COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Implications. European urology focus, 6(5), 1124-1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.009

Golden, T. N., & Simmons, R. A. (2020). Maternal and neonatal response to COVID-19. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 319(2), E315-E319. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00287.2020

Algarroba, G. N., Rekawek, P., Vahanian, S. A., Khullar, P., Palaia, T., Peltier, M. R., Chavez, M. R., & Vintzileos, A. M. (2020). Visualization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 invading the human placenta using electron microscopy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 223(2), 275-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.023

Patanè, L., Morotti, D., Giunta, M. R., Sigismondi, C., Piccoli, M. G., Frigerio, L., Mangili, G., Arosio, M., & Cornolti, G. (2020). Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA on the fetal side of the placenta in pregnancies with coronavirus disease 2019-positive mothers and neonates at birth. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM, 2(3), 100145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100145

Li, M., Chen, L., Zhang, J., Xiong, C., & Li, X. (2020). The SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 expression of maternal-fetal interface and fetal organs by single-cell transcriptome study. PloS one, 15(4), e0230295. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230295

Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N. H., Nitsche, A., Müller, M. A., Drosten, C., & Pöhlmann, S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell, 181(2), 271-280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052

Sungnak, W., Huang, N., Bécavin, C., Berg, M., Queen, R., Litvinukova, M., Talavera-López, C., Maatz, H., Reichart, D., Sampaziotis, F., Worlock, K. B., Yoshida, M., Barnes, J. L., & HCA Lung Biological Network (2020). SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. Nature medicine, 26(5), 681-687. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0868-6

Huntley, B., Huntley, E. S., Di Mascio, D., Chen, T., Berghella, V., & Chauhan, S. P. (2020). Rates of Maternal and Perinatal Mortality and Vertical Transmission in Pregnancies Complicated by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Co-V-2) Infection: A Systematic Review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 136(2), 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004010

Yoon, S. H., Kang, J. M., & Ahn, J. G. (2020). Clinical outcomes of 201 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19: a systematic review. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 24(14), 7804-7815. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202007_22285

Chen, L., Liu, M., Zhang, Z., Qiao, K., Huang, T., Chen, M., Xin, N., Huang, Z., Liu, L., Zhang, G., & Wang, J. (2020). Ocular manifestations of a hospitalised patient with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease. The British journal of ophthalmology, 104(6), 748-751. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316304

Chen, L., Deng, C., Chen, X., Zhang, X., Chen, B., Yu, H., Qin, Y., Xiao, K., Zhang, H., & Sun, X. (2020). Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 535 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study. Acta ophthalmologica, 98(8), e951-e959. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14472

Zhang, X., Chen, X., Chen, L., Deng, C., Zou, X., Liu, W., Yu, H., Chen, B., & Sun, X. (2020). The evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on ocular surface. The ocular surface, 18(3), 360-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2020.03.010

Wu, P., Duan, F., Luo, C., Liu, Q., Qu, X., Liang, L., & Wu, K. (2020). Characteristics of Ocular Findings of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China. JAMA ophthalmology, 138(5), 575-578. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291

Paliwal, V. K., Garg, R. K., Gupta, A., & Tejan, N. (2020). Neuromuscular presentations in patients with COVID-19. Neurological sciences, 41(11), 3039-3056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04708-8

Disser, N. P., De Micheli, A. J., Schonk, M. M., Konnaris, M. A., Piacentini, A. N., Edon, D. L., Toresdahl, B. G., Rodeo, S. A., Casey, E. K., & Mendias, C. L. (2020). Musculoskeletal Consequences of COVID-19. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 102(14), 1197-1204. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.20.00847

Downloads

Published

2022-11-09

How to Cite

1.
Riabokon OV, Pak KA, Riabokon YY, Furyk OO, Cherkaskyi VV. Extrapulmonary manifestations of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): current status (a literature review). Zaporozhye Medical Journal [Internet]. 2022Nov.9 [cited 2024Nov.14];24(5):607-12. Available from: http://zmj.zsmu.edu.ua/article/view/259096

Issue

Section

Review