Surgical treatment of hammertoe deformity (a literature review)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2023.5.275785

Keywords:

hammertoe deformity, surgical treatment

Abstract

Aim. To trace developmental origins of surgical treatment of hammertoe deformity and determine the most commonly used methods of its correction based on the published literature analysis.

Material and methods. Publications from Google search, electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, archives of specialized journals and other relevant sources of scientific and medical information were analyzed.

Results. The article covers the developmental origins of surgical treatment of hammertoe deformity both in the historical aspect and at the current level. Attention is paid to soft tissue procedures including tendons, metatarsophalangeal joint capsule, and plantar plate. An overview of operative interventions on the bone apparatus, phalanges and metatarsal bones and the combination of these surgeries is also presented in the article. The disadvantages of the existing surgical treatments, their advantages and the ways for forthcoming research concerning the improvement of surgical care in the treatment of hammertoe deformity are identified.

Conclusions. The choice of a particular method of surgical correction between the phalangeal or metatarsal level, the feasibility of combining these interventions with restoring the integrity of the plantar plate and tendon reconstruction, remains debatable. Further study on these issues is a crucial task today for choosing the optimal method of hammertoe deformity correction.

Author Biography

D. V. Prozorovskyi, Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology of the Ukrainian National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kharkiv, Ukraine

MD, PhD, Senior Researcher, Musculoskeletal Trauma Research Department

References

Coughlin, M. J., & Thompson, F. M. (1995). The high price of high-fashion footwear. Instructional course lectures, 44, 371-377.

Rodríguez-Sanz, D., Tovaruela-Carrión, N., López-López, D., Palomo-López, P., Romero-Morales, C., Navarro-Flores, E., & Calvo-Lobo, C. (2018). Foot disorders in the elderly: A mini-review. Disease-a-Month, 64(3), 64-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.08.001

Golightly, Y. M., Hannan, M. T., Shi, X. A., Helmick, C. G., Renner, J. B., & Jordan, J. M. (2011). Association of foot symptoms with self-reported and performance-based measures of physical function: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Arthritis Care & Research, 63(5), 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20432

Federer, A. E., Tainter, D. M., Adams, S. B., & Schweitzer, K. M. (2018). Conservative management of Metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities. Foot and Ankle Clinics, 23(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2017.09.003

Akoh, C. C., & Phisitkul, P. (2018). Plantar plate injury and angular toe deformity. Foot and Ankle Clinics, 23(4), 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2018.07.010

Deland, J. T., Sobel, M., Arnoczky, S. P., & Thompson, F. M. (1992). Collateral ligament reconstruction of the unstable metatarsophalangeal joint: An in vitro study. Foot & Ankle, 13(7), 391-395. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110079201300705

Schrier, J. C., Louwerens, J. W., & Verheyen, C. C. (2007). Opinions on lesser toe deformities among Dutch orthopaedic departments. Foot & Ankle International, 28(12), 1265-1270. https://doi.org/10.3113/fai.2007.1265

Blum, A. (1883). De l'orteil en marteau. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société Médicale des Hôpitaux de Paris, 9, 738-745.

Shattock, S. G. (1887). Two examples of hammertoe. Pathological Society of London. 38, 449.

Harmonson, J. K., & Harkless, L. B. (1996). Operative procedures for the correction of hammertoe, claw toe and mallet toe: a literature review. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 13(2), 211-220.

Clinical Practice Guideline Forefoot Disorders Panel, Thomas, J. L., Blitch, E. L., 4th, Chaney, D. M., Dinucci, K. A., Eickmeier, K., Rubin, L. G., Stapp, M. D., & Vanore, J. V. (2009). Diagnosis and treatment of forefoot disorders. section 1: Digital Deformities. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery, 48(2), 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2008.12.003

Dunn, J. E. (2004). Prevalence of foot and ankle conditions in a multiethnic community sample of older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159(5), 491-498. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh071

McAlister, J. E., & Hyer, C. F. (2013). The direct plantar plate repair technique. Foot & Ankle Specialist, 6(6), 446-451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938640013502723

Weil, L., Sung, W., Weil, L. S., & Malinoski, K. (2011). Anatomic plantar plate repair using the Weil metatarsal osteotomy approach. Foot & Ankle Specialist, 4(3), 145-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938640010397342

Post, A. (1882). Hallux valgus with displacement of the smaller toes. Medical Record, 22, 120-121.

Kelikian, H. (1965). Hallux Valgus, Allied Deformities of the Forefoot and Metatarsalgia. W. B. Saunders Corp.

Taylor, R. G. (1951). The treatment of claw toes by multiple transfers of flexor into extensor tendons. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 33B, 539-542. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.33B4.539

Parrish, T. F. (1973). Dynamic correction of clawtoes. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 4, 97-102.

Kuwada, G. T. (1988). A retrospective analysis of modification of the flexor tendon transfer for correction of hammer toe. The Journal of foot surgery, 27(l), 57-59. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3346511

Donegan, R. J., & Caminear, D. (2016). Anatomic repair of plantar plate with flexor tendon sheath reinforcement. Foot & Ankle Specialist, 9(5), 438-443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938640016630057

Ellis, S. J., Young, E., Endo, Y., Do, H., & Deland, J. T. (2013). Correction of multiplanar deformity of the second toe with metatarsophalangeal release and Extensor brevis reconstruction. Foot & Ankle International, 34(6), 792-799. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100713475433

Hobizal, K. B., Wukich, D. K., & Manway, J. (2015). Extensor digitorum brevis transfer technique to correct multiplanar deformity of the lesser digits. Foot & Ankle Specialist, 9(3), 252-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938640015617528

Myerson, M. S., & Jung, H. (2005). The role of toe flexor-to-extensor transfer in correcting metatarsophalangeal joint instability of the second toe. Foot & Ankle International, 26(9), 675-679. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070502600903.

Cooper, M. T., & Coughlin, M. J. (2011). Sequential dissection for exposure of the second metatarsophalangeal joint. Foot & Ankle International, 32(3), 294-299. https://doi.org/10.3113/fai.2011.0294

Nery, C., Baumfeld, D., Umans, H., & Yamada, A. F. (2017). MR imaging of the Plantar Plate. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, 25(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mric.2016.08.007

Blitz, N. M., Ford, L. A., & Christensen, J. C. (2004). Second metatarsophalangeal joint arthrography: A Cadaveric Correlation Study. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 43(4), 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2004.05.009

Cuccurullo, S. J. (2019). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review (4th ed.). Demos Medical, an Imprint of Springer Publishing.

Khan, F., Kimura, S., Ahmad, T., D'Souza, D., & D'Souza, L. (2015). Use of smart toe© implant for small toe arthrodesis: A smart concept? Foot and Ankle Surgery, 21(2), 108-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2014.10.003

Powell, E. G., Bowlby, M. A., & Christensen, J. C. (2019). Plantar Plate Repair via a Plantar Approach. In E. A. Cook, J. J. Cook (Eds.). Hammertoes: A Case-Based Approach (pp. 241-253). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16552-3

Dalmau-Pastor, M., Fargues, B., Alcolea, E., Martínez-Franco, N., Ruiz-Escobar, P., Vega, J., & Golanó, P. (2014). Extensor apparatus of the lesser toes. Foot & Ankle International, 35(10), 957-969. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100714546189

Kaz, A. J., & Coughlin, M. J. (2007). Crossover second toe: Demographics, etiology, and radiographic assessment. Foot & Ankle International, 28(12), 1223-1237. https://doi.org/10.3113/fai.2007.1223

Konkel, K. F., Menger, A. G., & Retzlaff, S. A. (2007). Hammer toe correction using an absorbable intramedullary pin. Foot & Ankle International, 28(8), 916-920. https://doi.org/10.3113/fai.2007.0916

Watson, T. S., Reid, D. Y., & Frerichs, T. L. (2014). Dorsal approach for plantar plate repair with Weil osteotomy. Foot & Ankle International, 35(7), 730-739. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100714536540

Chalayon, O., Chertman, C., Guss, A. D., Saltzman, C. L., Nickisch, F., & Bachus, K. N. (2013). Role of plantar plate and surgical reconstruction techniques on static stability of lesser metatarsophalangeal joints. Foot & Ankle International, 34(10), 1436-1442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100713491728

Flint, W. W., Macias, D. M., Jastifer, J. R., Doty, J. F., Hirose, C. B., & Coughlin, M. J. (2016). Plantar plate repair for lesser metatarsophalangeal joint instability. Foot & Ankle International, 38(3), 234-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100716679110

Jordan, M., Thomas, M., & Fischer, W. (2017). Nonoperative treatment of a lesser toe plantar plate tear with serial MRI follow-up: A case report. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 56(4), 857-861. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2017.02.016

Klein, E. E., Weil, L., Weil, L. S., Coughlin, M. J., & Knight, J. (2013). Clinical examination of plantar plate abnormality. Foot & Ankle International, 34(6), 800-804. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100712471825

Baker, J. R., Albright, R., Jameson, R., Chingre, M., Klein, E. E., Weil, L., & Fleischer, A. (2022). Treatment of lesser metatarsophalangeal joint instability with Plantar Plate Repair: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 61(5), 1114-1118. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2022.02.002

Hohmann, G. (1922). Zur Technik der Hammerzehenoperation // Archiv fuer Orthopaedische und Unfall-Chirurgie, 20, 417-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02595905

Borchgrevink, G., & Finsen, V. (2010). Reseksjon I Proksimale Falang Ved Hammertå. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Legeforening, 130(21), 2116-2118. https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.09.0882

Kramer, W. C., Parman, M., & Marks, R. M. (2015). Hammertoe correction with K-wire fixation. Foot & Ankle International, 36(5), 494-502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100714568013

Soule, R. E. (1910). Operation for the correction of hammer toe. New York Medical Journal, 41(13), 649-650.

Jones, R. (1917). Notes on military orthopaedics. PB Hoeber.

Higgs, S. L. (1931). Hammer-toe. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 6(68), 130-132. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.6.68.130

Young, C. S. (1938). An operation for the correction of hammer-toe and claw-toe. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 20(3), 715-719.

Taylor, R. (1940). An operative procedure for the treatment of hammer-toe and claw-toe. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 22(3), 608-609.

Camasta, C. A., & Cass, A. D. (2008). Buried Kirschner wire fixation for hammertoe arthrodesis. Podiatry Institute Update, 2, 5-8.

Guelfi, M., Pantalone, A., Daniel, J. C., Vanni, D., Guelfi, M. G., & Salini, V. (2015). Arthrodesis of proximal inter-phalangeal joint for Hammertoe: Intramedullary Device Options. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 16(4), 269-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10195-015-0360-0

Hood, C. R., Blacklidge, D. K., & Hoffman, S. M. (2016). Diverging dual intramedullary kirschner wire technique for arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in Hammertoe Correction. Foot & Ankle Specialist, 9(5), 432-437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938640016640896

Barouk, L.-S. (2005). Forefot reconstruction (pp. 305-312). Springer Verlag.

Yamaguchi, S., Tanaka, Y., Shinohara, Y., Taniguchi, A., Sasho, T., Takahashi, K., & Takakura, Y. (2012). Anatomy of Hallux Valgus in rheumatoid arthritis: Radiographic analysis using a two-dimensional coordinate system. Modern Rheumatology, 23(4), 774-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10165-012-0739-1

Vincent, J. (1994). Hallux valgus and forefoot surgery (pp. 429-451). Churchill Livingstone.

Marx, R., & Mizel, M. S. (2007). Technique tip: A modified technique for plantar DuVries condylectomy. Foot & Ankle International, 28(12), 1301-1301. https://doi.org/10.3113/fai.2007.1301

Wolf, M. (1973). Metatarsal osteotomy for relief of painful meta-tarsal. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 55, 1760-1762.

Helal, B. (1975). Metatarsal osteotomy for metatarsalgia. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 57, 187-192.

Trnka, H. J., Kabon, B., Zettl, R., Kaider, A., Salzer, M., & Ritschl, P. (1996). Helal metatarsal osteotomy for the treatment of metatarsalgia: a critical analysis of results. Orthopedics, 19(5), 457-461. https://doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19960501-17

Muller, T., Dereymaecker, G., Victor, J., Stuer, P., & Fabry, G. (1994). Long-term functional results after the Helal osteotomy. Foot Diseases, 1, 69-77.

Besse, J. L. (2017). Metatarsalgia. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR, 103(1S), S29-S39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2016.06.020

Leemrisje, T., Deleu, P. A., Devos Bevernage, B., Maldague, P., & Gombault, V. (2014). L’ostéotomie de Weil 0,25 ans. In J. Brilhault, J. L. Besse, A. Rochwerger, J. A. Colombier (Eds.), Monographie AFCP (pp. 101-133).

Khurana, A., Kadamabande, S., James, S., Tanaka, H., & Hariharan, K. (2011). Weil osteotomy: Assessment of medium term results and predictive factors in recurrent metatarsalgia. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 17(3), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2010.04.003

Lelievre, J. (1967). Pathologie du pied (pp. 462-502). Paris, Masson et Cie.

Maestro, M., Besse, J., Ragusa, M., & Berthonnaud, E. (2003). Forefoot morphotype study and planning method for forefoot osteotomy. Foot and Ankle Clinics, 8(4), 695-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1083-7515(03)00148-7

Beech, I., Rees, S., & Tagoe, M. (2005). A retrospective review of the Weil metatarsal osteotomy for lesser metatarsal deformities: An intermediate follow-up analysis. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 44(5), 358-364. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2005.07.002

Devos Bevernage, B., Deleu, P., & Leemrijse, T. (2010). The translating Weil osteotomy in the treatment of an overriding second toe: A report of 25 cases. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 16(4), 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2009.08.003

Sharma, D., Roy, N., & Shenolikar, A. (2005). Weil osteotomy of lesser metatarsals for metatarsalgia: A clinical and radiological follow-up. The Foot, 15(4), 202-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2005.07.006

Fleischer, A. E., Klein, E. E., Bowen, M., McConn, T. P., Sorensen, M. D., & Weil, L. (2020). Comparison of combination Weil metatarsal osteotomy and direct plantar plate repair versus Weil metatarsal osteotomy alone for forefoot metatarsalgia. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 59(2), 303-306. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2019.08.023

Downloads

Published

2023-09-28

How to Cite

1.
Prozorovskyi DV. Surgical treatment of hammertoe deformity (a literature review). Zaporozhye Medical Journal [Internet]. 2023Sep.28 [cited 2024May19];25(5):461-6. Available from: http://zmj.zsmu.edu.ua/article/view/275785

Issue

Vol. 25 No. 5 (2023): Zaporozhye medical journal

Section

Review

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.  Лицензия Creative Commons
    2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
    3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)