Arterial hypertension in children and adolescents: a modern view at the problem (a literature review). Part 1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14739/2310-1210.2022.2.235489Keywords:
hypertension, children, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesisAbstract
The analysis of modern national and foreign literature on the prevalence, causes, mechanisms, and criteria of hypertension in children and adolescents was carried out.
The aim of the study was to provide modern data on the epidemiology, risk factors, mechanisms of development and diagnostic criteria for hypertension in children and adolescents, based on a review of scientific sources.
Materials and methods. A search was conducted in the scientific-metric systems Google Scolar, PubMed, Cohrane Database from 2011 to 2021 using the following keywords: epidemiology, risk factors for systemic hypertension, mechanisms of development, coronavirus disease, adolescents, criteria for diagnostics of systemic arterial hypertension.
Conclusions. Scientific sources of the last decade have identified the main risk factors and the most common mechanisms of hypertension, systematized approaches to classification as well as diagnostic criteria for the disease at a young age. This disease has recently become more common among children younger than 18 years varying from 2 % to 20 % of cases. It is worth noting that the coronavirus pandemic has brought about changes in the study of hypertension in children and adults, serving as a leading factor of severe course and mortality, but research on this matter is currently under way. The significance of certain pathogenetic factors in the genesis of different variants of arterial hypertension in children has not been fully identified up to date, and further study on their relationship with hemodynamic parameters in children and adolescents is needed. Generally, scientists around the world are focusing their attention on early diagnosis of elevated blood pressure in childhood, while the process is reversible, to prevent complications and a more severe course of the disease.
References
Hyschak, T. V., & Marushko, Iu. V. (2016). Fazy adaptatsii u ditei iz pervynnoiu arterialnoiu hipertenziieiu [Adaptation phase in children with primary hypertension]. Sovremennaya pediatriya, (7), 88-93. https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2016.79.88 [in Ukrainian].
Kovalchuk, T. A., & Boyarchuk, O. R. (2020). Osoblyvosti dobovoho rytmu arterialnoho tysku u ditei iz vazovahalnymy synkope [The features of the circadian rhythm of blood pressurein children with vasovagal syncope]. Aktualni pytannia pediatrii, akusherstva ta hinekolohii, (1), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.11603/24116-4944.2020.1.11477 [in Ukrainian].
Korenev, N. M., Bogmat, L. F., Nosov, Ye. M., Yakovleva, I. M., Nikonova, V. V., & Bessonova, I. N. (2014). Arterial'naya gipertenziya u podrostkov: faktory stabilizatsii i progressirovaniya [Arterial hypertension in adolescents: factors of stabilization and progression]. Zdorov'e rebenka, (3), 6-11. [in Russian].
Maydannyk, V. G., Haytovych, N. V., Pavlyshyn, G. A., Ivanko, A. G., Nechytaylo, Yu. N., & Ocheretko, V. V. (2013). Poshyrenist nadlyshkovoi masy tila ta pidvyshchenoho arterialnoho tysku sered shkoliariv riznykh rehioniv Ukrainy [Prevalence of overweight and high blood pressure among schoolchildren in different regions of Ukraine]. Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal pediatrii, akusherstva i ginekologii, 3(1), 33-39. [in Ukrainian].
Maidannyk, V. H., Khaitovych, M. V., Hliebova, L. P., Misiura, L. I., Terletskyi, R. V., Sukhodolska, E. S., & Prokhorovych, T. P. (2014). Diahnostyka ta likuvannia arterialnoi hipertenzii u ditei i pidlitkiv (metodychni rekomendatsii) (189.13/26.14) [Diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents (guidelines) (189.13/26.14)]. Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal pediatrii, akusherstva i ginekologii, 6(1), 109-127 [in Ukrainian].
Marushko, Yu. V., & Hyshchak, T. V. (2018). Analiz i perspektyvy novykh klinichnykh rekomendatsii AAP (2017) skryninhu i kontroliu vysokoho arterialnoho tysku u ditei ta pidlitkiv [Analysis and prospects of new clinical guidelines ААР(2017) for screening and control of high blood pressure in children and adolescents]. Sovremennaya pediatriya, (4), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.15574/sp.2018.92.27 [in Ukrainian].
Matukha, L. F., Orlovska, N. V., & Mayatska, O. V. (2015). Arterialna gipertenzia u ditei ta pidlitkiv: factory ryzyku, aspekty diagnostyky ta osnovy profilaktyky [Аrterial Hypertension for children and teenagers: risk factors, diagnostic aspects and prophylaxis bases]. Simeina medytsyna, (6), 131-135. [in Ukrainian].
Fesenko, M. Ye., Ziuzina, L. S., Kozakevych, V. K., Kabyka, T. V., & Pavlenko, V. A. (2016). Arterialna hipertenziia u ditei [Arterial hypertension in children]. Visnyk problem biolohii i medytsyny, 2(1), 34-37. [in Ukrainian].
Khaitovych, M. V. (2014). Diahnostyka arterialnoi hipertenzii u ditei ta pidlitkiv [Diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents]. Zdorovia Ukrainy, (1. Pediatriia), 38-39. [in Ukrainian].
Shlimkevych, І. V. (2011). Epidemiolohiia, nomenklatura ta mekhanizmy rozvytku arterialnoi hipertenzii u ditei ta pidlitkiv [Epidemiology, Nomenclature and Mechanisms of Development of Arterial Hypertension in Children and Adolescents]. Halytskyi likarskyi visnyk, 18(1), 163-166. [in Ukrainian].
Ashraf, M., Irshad, M., & Parry, N. A. (2020). Pediatric hypertension: an updated review. Clinical Hypertension, 26(1), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40885-020-00156-w
Bell, C. S., Samuel, J. P., & Samuels, J. A. (2019). Prevalence of Hypertension in Children. Hypertension, 73(1), 148-152. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11673
Cheung, E. L., Bell, C. S., Samuel, J. P., Poffenbarger, T., Redwine, K. M., & Samuels, J. A. (2017). Race and Obesity in Adolescent Hypertension. Pediatrics, 139(5), Article e20161433. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1433
Dadlani, A., Madan, K., & Sawhney, J. P. S. (2019). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in clinical practice. Indian Heart Journal, 71(1), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.11.015
Flynn, J. T., Kaelber, D. C., Baker-Smith, C. M., Blowey, D., Carroll, A. E., Daniels, S. R., de Ferranti, S. D., Dionne, J. M., Falkner, B., Flinn, S. K., Gidding, S. S., Goodwin, C., Leu, M. G., Powers, M. E., Rea, C., Samuels, J., Simasek, M., Thaker, V. V., Urbina, E. M., & SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN. (2017). Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(3), Article e20171904. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904
Jurko, A., Jr, Jurko, T., Minarik, M., Mestanik, M., Mestanikova, A., Micieta, V., Visnovcova, Z., & Tonhajzerova, I. (2018). Endothelial function in children with white-coat hypertension. Heart and Vessels, 33(6), 657-663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-017-1107-z
Göknar, N., & Çalışkan, S. (2020). New guidelines for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of pediatric hypertension. Turk Pediatri Arsivi, 55(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.14744/TurkPediatriArs.2020.92679
Kelishadi, R., Mirmoghtadaee, P., Najafi, H., & Keikha, M. (2015). Systematic review on the association of abdominal obesity in children and adolescents with cardio-metabolic risk factors. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 20(3), 294-307.
Kreutz, R., Dobrowolski, P., Prejbisz, A., Algharably, E., Bilo, G., Creutzig, F., Grassi, G., Kotsis, V., Lovic, D., Lurbe, E., Modesti, P. A., Pappaccogli, M., Parati, G., Persu, A., Polonia, J., Rajzer, M., de Timary, P., Weber, T., Weisser, B., Tsioufis, K., … European Society of Hypertension COVID-19 Task Force Review. (2021). Lifestyle, psychological, socioeconomic and environmental factors and their impact on hypertension during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Journal of Hypertension, 39(6), 1077-1089. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002770
Mills, K. T., Bundy, J. D., Kelly, T. N., Reed, J. E., Kearney, P. M., Reynolds, K., Chen, J., & He, J. (2016). Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies From 90 Countries. Circulation, 134(6), 441-450. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912
Sinha, R., Saha, A., & Samuels, J. (2019). American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guidelines for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: What is New? Indian Pediatrics, 56(4), 317-321.
Narang, R., Saxena, A., Desai, A., Ramakrishnan, S., Thangjam, R. S., Kulkarni, S., Narvencar, K., E Costa, A., Dias, A., Sukharamwala, R., & Cleland, J. (2018). Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in apparently healthy schoolchildren in India: A multi-center study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 25(16), 1775-1784. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487318790056
Schommer, V. A., Barbiero, S. M., Cesa, C. C., Oliveira, R., Silva, A. D., & Pellanda, L. C. (2014). Excess Weight, Anthropometric Variables and Blood Pressure in Schoolchildren aged 10 to 18 years. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 102(4), 312-318. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140038
Siddiqui, S., & Malatesta-Muncher, R. (2020). Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: A Review of Recent Guidelines. Pediatric Annals, 49(6), e250-e257. https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20200513-01
Surma, S., Romańczyk, M., & Łabuzek, K. (2020). Coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 and arterial hypertension - facts and myths. Polski merkuriusz lekarski: organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 48(285), 195-198.
Theodore, R. F., Broadbent, J., Nagin, D., Ambler, A., Hogan, S., Ramrakha, S., Cutfield, W., Williams, M. J., Harrington, H., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Milne, B., & Poulton, R. (2015). Childhood to Early-Midlife Systolic Blood Pressure Trajectories: Early-Life Predictors, Effect Modifiers, and Adult Cardiovascular Outcomes. Hypertension, 66(6), 1108-1115. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05831
Zhai, Y., Li, W. R., Shen, C., Qian, F., & Shi, X. M. (2015). Prevalence and Correlates of Elevated Blood Pressure in Chinese Children Aged 6-13 Years: a Nationwide School-Based Survey. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 28(6), 401-409. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.057
Zhixiang, Y., Cheng, W., Jibing, X., Bisheng, G., Ming, X., & Deyu, L. (2018). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children suffering from orthostatic hypertension. BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 17(1), Article 129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-018-0530-4
Burrello, J., Erhardt, E. M., Saint-Hilary, G., Veglio, F., Rabbia, F., Mulatero, P., Monticone, S., & D'Ascenzo, F. (2018). Pharmacological Treatment of Arterial Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: A Network Meta-Analysis. Hypertension, 72(2), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10862
Tran, A. H., & Urbina, E. M. (2020). Hypertension in children. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 35(4), 376-380. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000744
Rascher, W., & Paech, C. (2020). Arterial Hypertension in Children. In W. Kiess, M. Schwab & J. van den Anker (Eds.), Pediatric Pharmacotherapy. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (Vol. 261, pp. 193-208). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2020_359
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)
